The management of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) involves classification into non-functional or functional PanNET, and as localized or metastatic PanNET. In addition, while most PanNETs are sporadic, these endocrine neoplasms can also be manifestations of genetic syndromes. All these factors may assist in forming a risk stratification system permitting a tailored management approach. Most PanNETs are classified as non-functional because they are not associated with clinical sequelae of hormone excess. They are characterized by non-specific symptoms, such as abdominal pain or weight loss, resulting from mass effect related to the pancreatic tumor or secondary to distant metastases. Accurate staging of the disease is essential for determining the appropriate approach to therapy. As cure is only potentially possible with surgical resection of the tumor, it is recommended to remove all localized and limited metastatic disease. However, many patients present with metastatic and/or advanced local disease. In such instances, the goal of therapy is to control tumor growth and/or decrease tumor burden, lengthen survival, and palliate local symptoms and those of hormone excess. This typically requires a multimodal approach, including surgery, liver-directed treatment, and systemic medical therapy.

Several important landmark trials have reshaped the landscape of non-surgical management of small bowel neuroendocrine tumors over the last few years, with the confirmation of the antitumor effect of somatostatin analogue therapy in PROMID and CLARINET trials as well as the advent of therapies with significant potential such as mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTor) everolimus (RADIANT trials) and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with 177-Lutetium (NETTER-1 trial). This narrative summarizes the recommended management strategies of small bowel neuroendocrine tumors. We review the main evidence behind each recommendation as well as compare and contrast four major guidelines, namely the 2016 Canadian Consensus guidelines, the 2017 North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society guidelines, the 2018 National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, and the 2016 European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society guidelines. Different clinical situations will be addressed, from loco-regional therapy to metastatic unresectable disease. Carcinoid syndrome, which is mostly managed by somatostatin analogue therapy and the serotonin antagonist telotristat etiprate for refractory diarrhea, as well as neuroendocrine carcinoma will be reviewed. However, several questions remain unanswered, such as the optimal management of neuroendocrine carcinomas or the effect of combining and sequencing of the aforementioned modalities where more randomized controlled trials are needed.

Pheochromocytoma (PCC) is a neuroendocrine tumor that may present with headaches, palpitations, and hypertension, and if left unresected, it can lead to serious complications and fatal cardiac mortality. Adequate preoperative management can decrease the risk of intraoperative complications. In this systematic review, we address and discuss what has been published in the literature about the optimization of pheochromocytoma preoperative care via various types of telemedicine (TM). We searched health research databases PubMed, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for literature on various types of TM employed for PCC preoperative management. We searched peer-reviewed literature in the English language published in the literature until November 5, 2022, using medical subject heading (MeSh) terms in PubMed like "telemedicine" and "pheochromocytoma." We used "telemedicine" or "telehealth" and "pheochromocytoma" in other databases. We considered all types of TM, including synchronous, asynchronous, and remote patient monitoring. Our search yielded five publications in PubMed, 59 results in Google Scholar, and none in the Cochrane Library. After excluding duplicates and evaluating the articles for relevance, five papers were selected for this review. Studies came from the United States and Italy. Findings from these studies suggested safe outcomes and reduced costs compared to what is traditionally followed in physical settings. Overall, this systematic review shows the convenience and safety of TM use for a broad spectrum of patients. Further studies are needed to consolidate these findings. Moreover, guidelines on patients' selection and procedures for safe and effective TM care for patients with PCC are required.

Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune thyroid disease, which is considered the most common cause of primary hyperthyroidism. GD usually manifests with symptoms such as tremors, palpitations, heat intolerance, weight loss, and specific signs on physical examination (proptosis and pretibial myxedema). However, systemic involvement is also recognized, for example, hepatic involvement in patients with GD may range from asymptomatic laboratory findings of liver function derangement (either transaminases elevations or intrahepatic cholestasis) up to hepatic failure. We describe a rare case of Graves' thyrotoxicosis presenting with severe cholestasis and non-parathyroid hormone-related hypercalcemia. An extensive evaluation for hepatobiliary causes of cholestasis, including hepatic biopsy, was entirely negative. The patient was successfully treated with methimazole with subsequent clinical and biochemical improvement.