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Background—chlorhexidine (CHX) is most commonly used as a chemical plaque control agent. Nevertheless, its adverse effects, including teeth discoloration, taste alteration and calculus build-up, limit its use and divert us to medicinal herbs. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the phytochemical composition, antioxidant potential, and cytotoxic effects of Mimusops elengi Linn extract (ME) over normal human cultured adult gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). Methods—in vitro phytochemical screening, total flavonoid content, antioxidant potential by DPPH and Nitric Oxide (NO) radical scavenging activity, and cytotoxic effects of ME extracts over HGF were explored. The viability of HGF cells was determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), neutral red uptake, and trypan blue assay after treatment with different concentrations of CHX and ME (0.3125 to 10 µg/mL). Results—ME showed some alkaloids, glycosides, saponins and flavonoids exhibited relatively moderate-to-good antioxidant potential. Increasing the concentration of CHX and ME from 0.3125 to 10 µg/mL reduced cell viability from 29.71% to 1.07% and 96.12% to 56.02%, respectively. At higher concentrations, CHX reduced the viability of cells by 52.36-fold compared to ME, revealed by MTT assay. At 10 µg/mL concentration, the mean cell viability of CHX and ME-treated cells was 2.24% and 57.45%, respectively, revealed by a neutral red assay. The viability of CHX- and ME-treated HGF cells estimated at higher concentrations (10 µg/mL) using trypan blue assay was found to be 2.18% and 47.36%, respectively. A paired t-test showed significance (p < 0.05), and one-way ANOVA difference between the mean cell viability of CHX- and ME-treated cells at different concentrations. One-way ANOVA confirmed the significant difference between the viability of CHX- and ME-treated cells. Conclusions—The cytoprotective and antioxidant effects of ME emphasize its potential benefits. Therefore, it could emerge as a herbal alternative and adjunct to conventional oral hygiene methods, that can diminish periodontal tissue destruction.

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In this investigation, the fabrication of capsaicin loaded self nano emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) was attempted to improve the effectiveness of capsaicin through the oral route. A pseudoternary phase diagram was constructed at different km values (1:1, 2:1, & 3:1). Nine liquid formulations (LeCAP-1 to LeCAP-9) were prepared at km ¼ 3, evaluated & converted to solid free-flowing granules using neusilin® US2. LeCAP-3 comprising of 15% isopropyl myristate, 33.75% Labrafil, & 11.25% ethanol exhibited higher % transmittance (98.90 ± 1.24%) & lower self-emulsification time (18.19 ± 0.46 s). FT-IR spectra showed no incompatibility whereas virtual analysis confirmed hydrogen bond interaction between amino hydrogen in the capsaicin & oxygen of the neusilin. DSC & XRD study revealed the amorphization & molecular dispersion of capsaicin in S-SNEDDS. TEM analysis confirmed the nano-sized spherical globules. Within 15 min, L-SNEDDS, S-SNEDDS, & pure capsaicin showed 87.36 ± 3.25%, 85.19 ± 4.87%, & 16.61 ± 3.64% drug release respectively. S-CAP-3 significantly (P < 0.001) inhibited the proliferation of HT-29 colorectal cancer cells than capsaicin. Apoptosis assay involving Annexin V/PI staining for S-CAP-3 treated cells demonstrated a significant (P < 0.001) apoptotic rate. Remarkably, 3.6 fold increase in bioavailability was observed after oral administration of capsaicin-SNEDDS than plain capsaicin.