Background and Aims: This trial aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of oxygenation using a high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) compared with the standard apnoeic oxygenation technique during foreign body (FB) removal by a rigid bronchoscope. Methods: A prospective, blinded, randomised, controlled trial was conducted on subjects planned for FB removal by a rigid bronchoscope. Inclusion criteria were male and female patients aged between 10 and 40 years. The primary outcome was the lowest oxygen saturation level monitored by pulse oximeter during the procedure, and the secondary outcome was the incidence of postoperative atelectasis. Results: Nearly 64 patients were randomised into either HFNC oxygenation ( N = 32) or apnoeic oxygenation ( N = 32) group. There were no significant differences between the studied groups regarding age, gender, weight, or cardiovascular variables. Intraoperative oxygen saturation was 4% higher in the HFNC group at different times. The end-tidal carbon dioxide measured on induction and after termination by 15 min showed no significant differences between the two groups; however, it was significantly higher in the apnoeic oxygenation group immediately after the procedure, after 5 min, and after 10 min of termination. No adverse effects from the increased end-tidal carbon dioxide were reported. Conclusion: HFNC was superior to apnoeic oxygenation technique in maintaining oxygenation status in patients undergoing rigid bronchoscopy for FB removal.
Background Off pump coronary artery revascularization (OPCAB) surgeries have benefits over the conventional on pump cardiac surgery, because it avoids the trauma caused by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and minimize aortic manipulation. However, some disadvantages of OPCAB include the concern of ineffective coronary revascularization. Some drugs have shown the ability to protect the myocardium in different studies, by different methods. The usage of intralipid has been shown to make a better functional recovery of the cardiac muscles and help to decrease the myocardial infarct size, it shortens the action potential time, which show polyunsaturated fatty acids diets mechanism as an antiarrhythmic drug, and are associated with low incidence of coronary artery disease. Methods We divided patients into two groups according to the randomization envelopes: intralipid group (group A) received 1.5 ml/kg intralipid 20% through central venous line after sternotomy over 1 h and during infusion, blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature were monitored all through the infusion time. Control group (group B) received normal saline 0.9% in the same volume over the same duration. Results This study showed that infusion of 1.5 ml/kg intralipid after sternotomy in off pump coronary artery revascularization given as preconditioning agent improve the myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, decrease the need for high doses of nor adrenaline infusion after revascularization, earlier normalization in troponin levels starting 24 h after surgery and higher values of cardiac index were measured in ICU using PICCO. Conclusions This study showed the benefits of infusion of 1.5 ml/kg of intralipid after sternotomy, in preconditioning during OPCABG. Preconditioning with intralipid proved to decrease reperfusion injury in myocardium expressed by improvement in cardiac functions (EF and cardiac index) and normalization of specific cardiac marker (cardiac troponin I).
Background Intraoperative myocardial preservation is essential in pediatric cardiac surgeries. The combination of hypothermia and hyperkalemic cardioplegia is commonly used. Histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK–Custodiol) is a long-acting crystalloid cardioplegia which induces cardiac arrest by reducing the extracellular sodium concentration. Cold blood cardioplegia has many modifications differing in the blood: crystalloid ratio, buffers, substrates, and final potassium concentration which induces cardiac arrest in diastole as the main role. We compared cold histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate crystalloid (HTK) solution with hypothermic hyperkalemic blood (HHB) cardioplegia solution regarding their efficacy in myocardial preservation in patients undergoing total repair of non-cyanotic congenital cardiac defects. We assessed postoperative cardiac troponin level, myocardial function, inotropic support, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay, hospital length of stay, and the incidence of prolonged postoperative mechanical ventilation as indicators of myocardial protection. Results This interventional, single-blinded, randomized, comparative, and prospective clinical study was conducted randomly on 60 patients, aged between 6 and 24 months undergoing total surgical repair. We found no statistically significant difference regarding patients’ personal, demographics, and operative details (surgery duration, cardiopulmonary bypass time, aorta clamp time). However, patients who were given HTK cardioplegia were found to stay less in the ICU (with a p value <0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference between both groups as regards hospital length of stay. Also, all patients were extubated in less than 24-h duration. There was a statistically significant difference between both groups regarding troponin levels after 8, 12, and 24 h post-bypass in favor of the HHB solution. Interestingly, no significant correlation was proved between both groups regarding myocardial function (EF%, FS) and level of inotropic support (assessed by maximum vasoactive inotropic score). Conclusions Hypothermic hyperkalemic blood cardioplegia showed better results in myocardial preservation than the cold histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution in the repair of noncyanotic congenital cardiac defects. Trial registration Pan African Clinical Trial Registry, PACTR202109777317416. Registered on 28 September 2021—Retrospectively registered, https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=16154
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