Stress is one of the main factors affecting nurses' efficiency as well as staff health and quality of nursing services. Occupational stress and job satisfaction both indicate workers' appraisal towards the workplace and work itself. Aim: This study aimed at determining the main nurses' perceived job related stressors and investigating its effect on nurses' job satisfaction in El
Background: Despite family planning multiple benefits, women's experiences and concerns present a formidable barrier to the sustained use of contraceptives. Combined oral contraceptive pills use has remained low in Kwale County, owing to the various challenges that women of reproductive age face towards modern use of contraception. Objective: To explore concerns of women using combined oral contraceptive pills in Kwale County, Kenya. Settings:The study was carried out in the outpatient family planning clinics of 8 maternal and child health facilities in sub counties of Kwale county. Subjects: A convenient sample of 300 women attending selected settings was included in the study subjects. Tools: Four tools were used for data collection. Tool I: Socio-demographic and reproductive history structured interview schedule; Tool II: Concerns of women using combined oral contraceptive pills structured interview schedule; Tool III: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7) screening tool and Tool VI: Women's knowledge of combined oral contraceptive use structured interview schedule. Results: Findings revealed that mean age of women using combined oral contraceptive pills was 28.71 ± 5.56. Physical concerns were reported by less than two-thirds (60.7%) of study subjects. More than half (52.3%) had accessibility concerns, while, more than one-third (38.7%) had sexual concerns, and about one-fifth (19.7%) had socioeconomic concerns. Conclusion: Fears of side effects or health-related reasons were the dominant physical concern reported by women who were using combined oral contraceptive pills. Recommendations: Strengthen health education and to improve counseling practice for women and couples seeking FP services, especially on combined oral contraceptive pills.
Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a well-known malignancy with diverse clinicopathological behavior and high mortality rate. It has great tendency to undergo lymph node metastasis. Its metastatic spread is highly regulated and entails the interplay of several factors released from cancer cells as well as stromal cells. Lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) is a secreted glycoprotein characterized by its involvement in inflammation, infection and cancer. Its role in oral cancer progression remains elusive. LCN-2 tends to form a complex with matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a well-known regulator of tumor microenvironment, enhancing its tumorigenic activity.Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of LCN-2 and MMP-9 in OSCC.
Material and methods:The study was carried out on forty paraffin embedded archival OSCC specimens. The specimens were immunohistochemically stained against LCN-2 and MMP-9.Results: Significant downregulation of LCN-2 expression was found in cancer cells with increased malignant criteria whereas stromal LCN-2 expression showed positive correlation with advanced histopathologic grade. Inverse correlation was observed between LCN-2 expression in both cancer and stromal with lymph node metastasis. MMP-9 expression was inversely correlated with the advanced histopathologic grades in both cancer and stromal cells.
Conclusion:The downregulation of LCN-2 and MMP-9 expressions in cancer cells with advanced OSCC histopathologic grade as well as at tumor invasive fronts propose their putative prognostic value.
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