Rhizosolenia mat abundance, distribution and chemical composition were studied on two cruises in the central North Pacific gyre in order to determine large-scale distribution patterns and contribution to upward nitrogen (N) flux. These macroscopic diatom mats are composed of multiple species of Rhizosolenia that exploit subsurface nitrate pools by vertically migrating below the euphotic zone. Although numerically dominated by the small-diameter species, R.fallax (73-95% of total numbers), mat biovolume was dominated by large-diameter (>50 u.m diameter) Rhizosolenia spp. (85-99% of total volume). Integrated mat abundance was substantially higher when mats accumulated at the surface during calm weather (£80 mats nv 2) than during windy periods (<23.1 mats m !), suggesting that many mats are found below diver-accessible depths. Chemical composition data indicated that negatively buoyant mats were physiologically stressed compared to positively buoyant mats; negatively buoyant mats had significantly higher carbon (C):N ratios and carbohydrate per mat, and lower proteinxarbohydrate ratios and internal NO,-pools than positively buoyant mats. These ratios suggest that N is a key determinant of buoyancy behavior, and are consistent with vertical migration by mats to exploit deep N pools. The maximum ascent rate of mats was 6.4 m h' with no relationship to mat size or biovolume. Short-term O 2 evolution revealed no significant photoinhibition; conversion to C fixation yielded assimilation numbers of 4.7 and 7.3 ng C u,g-' chl h 1 in negatively buoyant and positively buoyant mats, respectively, although photosynthetic parameters were not statistically different between the two buoyancy classes. Based on photosynthetic rates, ascent rates and estimated N uptake rates, we calculate that a complete migration cycle requires 3.6-5.4 days. When combined with two different estimates of average abundance, we estimate that mats could transport 3.9-40 (imol N nr 2 day 1 into the euphotic zone. Using the wide range of literature values for vertical diffusive transport, this represents < 1-2000% of the NO, flux into the euphotic zone and the average equivalent of 3-35% of the new NO, consumed in the surface mixed layer.

LHCF stabilized using a transcondylar screw and supracondylar K-wire are more likely to have major complications resulting in a poorer outcome than cases stabilized using a supracondylar screw or lateral epicondylar plate.

Canine mast cell tumours (MCTs) typically spread to lymph nodes (LNs) before reaching distant sites, and LN assessment is an important part of MCT staging. Sentinel LN (SLN) mapping techniques to identify draining LNs are being developed and could improve the accuracy of MCT staging. The primary objective of this feasibility study was to determine the safety and effectiveness of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to identify SLNs. Secondary objectives were to determine if the SLNs identified by CEUS coincided with the regional LN predicted by the anatomical lymphosomes, if previous MCT excision altered CEUS SLN findings, and if CEUS could identify MCT nodal metastases. Between June 2017 and March 2019, 59 dogs with 62 MCTs were enrolled. No adverse events related to CEUS were reported. CEUS detected at least 1 SLN in 59/62 MCTs (95.2%, 95% CI: 86.5-99.0%). In only 32/59 (54.2%) MCTs, clinicians would have correctly predicted the SLN(s) identified by CEUS. Among the 35 MCTs that had histological examination of the SLN(s), the prevalence of metastasis was 60% (95% CI: 42.1-76.1%). Additional staging procedures did not reveal any metastases in dogs with histologically non-metastatic SLNs. Integration of CEUS SLN mapping into the routine staging of MCTs is promising, but future studies are required to refine this procedure and to investigate if it would translate into a clinical benefit.

CLP and HDCP may both be used successfully to achieve pancarpal arthrodesis. Adjunctive external coaptation does not appear to have a measurable clinical benefit but is associated with morbidity.