The provision of community accommodation with adequate clinical and non-clinical support is a suitable option for a large proportion of individuals with serious mental illness.
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed of specialised endothelial cells that line the brain blood vessels. These cells possess tight junctions that confer tightness to the layer and multidrug efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on the luminal surfaces that influence which molecules are able to permeate the barrier. Indeed P-gp has been shown to play an important role in preventing lipophilic compounds accumulating in the brain (Schinkel et al. 1994). Results of in vivo studies on the status of P-gp at the BBB after ischaemia-reperfusion vary. In early studies on focal Abbreviations used: BBB, blood-brain barrier; DCF-DA, 2¢,7¢ dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; FBS, foetal bovine serum; H/R, hypoxia-reoxygenation; HPRT, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase; MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion; PBS, phosphatebuffered saline; PEG, polyethylene glycol; P-gp, P-glycoprotein; RBEC, rat brain endothelial cell; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SEAP, secreted alkaline phosphatase. AbstractLevels of multidrug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on endothelial cells lining brain blood vessels are important for limiting access of many compounds to the brain. In vivo studies have indicated that ischaemia-reperfusion that generates reactive oxygen species also increases P-gp levels in brain endothelial cells. To investigate possible mechanisms, in vitro studies were performed on immortalised (GPNT) and primary rat brain endothelial cells. Exposure to hydrogen peroxide (200 lM) resulted in intracellular oxidative stress as detected from higher levels of dichlorofluorescein fluorescence and raised levels of P-gp protein, mdr1a and mdr1b transcripts and, in GPNT cells, increased mdr1a and mdr1b promoter activity. The P-gp protein increases were abolished by pre-treatment with polyethylene glycol-catalase and were curtailed by co-culture with primary rat astrocytes. Exposure of GPNT cells to 6 h hypoxia followed by 24 h reoxygenation produced less intracellular oxidative stress as judged from smaller increments in dichlorofluorescein fluorescence but still resulted in raised levels of P-gp protein, an effect partially abolished by pre-treatment with polyethylene glycol-catalase. However, transcript levels and promoter activities were not significantly increased. These data suggest that hydrogen peroxide contributes to P-gp up-regulation following hypoxiareoxygenation but the underlying mechanisms of its actions differ from those occurring after direct hydrogen peroxide application. Keyword: astrocyte-endothelial interactions, brain endothelial cell, hydrogen peroxide, hypoxia-reoxygenation, oxidative stress, P-glycoprotein expression.
Background: Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is characterised by an unhealthy obsession with healthy eating and while it is not recognised as an eating disorder (or any disorder), current research is exploring similarities and differences with such disorders. The literature has shown that individuals with eating disorders have difficulties identifying and describing emotions (known as alexithymia) as well as regulating them. However no research to date has looked at whether people with orthorexic tendencies also suffer from difficulties with emotions. In this paper, we refer to people with orthorexic tendencies but do not assume that their healthy eating is at a pathological level needing clinical attention. Methods: The current study examined this by asking 196 healthy adults with an interest in healthy eating to complete four questionnaires to measure ON (ORTO-15reduced to ORTO-7CS), eating psychopathology (EAT-26), alexithymia (TAS-20) and emotion dysregulation (DERS-16). Results: We found that difficulties identifying and regulating emotions was associated with symptoms of ON, similar to what is found in other eating disorders. We suggest that ON behaviours may be used as a coping strategy in order to feel in control in these participants who have poor emotion regulation abilities. Conclusions: Our results show that individuals with ON tendencies may share similar difficulties with emotions compared to other eating disorders. While important, our results are limited by the way we measured ON behaviours and we recommend that further research replicate our findings once a better and more specific tool is developed and validated to screen for ON characteristics more accurately.
Figure 1: Student assignment algorithms were designed meet school district values based on modeling assumptions (blue/top)that clash with the constraints of the real world (red/bottom). Students are expected to have predefined preferences over all schools, which they report truthfully. The procedure is intended to be easy to explain and optimally satisfies student preferences. In practice however, these assumptions clash with the real world characterized by unequal access to information, resource constraints (e.g. commuting), and distrust.
The Mental Health Nurse Incentive Program (MHNIP) was established in Australia during 2007. The program enables mental health nurses to work in partnership with general practitioners (GPs) in the assessment and treatment of people with severe mental health problems. This paper provides insights into the demographic and clinical profile of 403 people enrolled in the MHNIP in the Ipswich area of Queensland. The clinical presentation (illness severity and symptoms) of those referred to the MHNIP is compared to that of: (i) people referred to a related program known as Access to Allied Psychological Services (ATAPS); and (ii) to clients admitted to acute inpatient care in Queensland. While people referred to the MHNIP presented with more severe problems than those referred to ATAPS, they had less severe problems than those admitted to acute inpatient care. The findings indicate that the MHNIP is meeting the needs of people with complex mental and physical health problems. Further evaluation work is required to determine if the findings from this study can be generalized more broadly. At the national level, consideration should be given to the routine collection of clinical, cost, and demographic data to enable the ongoing monitoring of the program.
Emerging methods for participatory algorithm design have proposed collecting and aggregating individual stakeholder preferences to create algorithmic systems that account for those stakeholders' values. Using algorithmic student assignment as a case study, we argue that optimizing for individual preference satisfaction in the distribution of limited resources may actually inhibit progress towards social and distributive justice. Individual preferences can be a useful signal but should be expanded to support more expressive and inclusive forms of democratic participation.Machine learning is increasingly used in high-stakes situations such as access to education, employment, and healthcare (Ghassemi et al., 2019;Raghavan & Barocas, 2019). Documented instances of discrimination, e.g. (Buolamwini & Gebru, 2018;Obermeyer & Mullainathan, 2019;Chouldechova, 2017), have led to mounting pressures to improve these systems by accounting for stakeholder values and context in their design and use. One proposed way to do so is to incorporate individual preferences into algorithmic decision-making. Some emerging 1 methods for participatory algorithm design have proposed collecting and aggregating individual stakeholder preferences to create algorithmic systems that represent the values and goals of those stakeholders (
Entry into graduate programmes is highly competitive. Although careers advisors working within higher education do their best to prepare students for engagement with these programmes; anecdotal reports suggest many graduates remain unsure what it is these employers are seeking, and how it is assessed. Our study examines both selection criteria profiles and practices, drawing comprehensive data from 20 New Zealand firms and finds that regardless of a firm's characteristics, most seek a very similar graduate profile, with the concepts of candidate 'well roundedness' and 'fit' considered most vital. Selection practices employed are tightly connected to this graduate profile. These findings shed some much needed light for graduates on what is, but also what is not, highly sought after by employers in the recruitment and selection process. They should also be of benefit to universities by assisting them to better prepare their graduates for successful transition into the employment market.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.