This research aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of climate change effects on temperature, precipitation and potential evapotranspiration over the country of Iran for the time periods 2010-2039, 2040-2069 and 2070-2099, and under scenarios A2 and B2. After preparation of measured temperature and precipitation data and calculation of potential evapotranspiration for the base time period of 1960-1990 for 46 meteorological stations (with a nationwide distribution), initial zoning of these three parameters over the country was attempted. Maximum and minimum temperatures and values of precipitation were obtained from the HadCM3 model under scenarios A2 and B2 for the three time periods, and these data were downscaled. Corresponding maps were prepared for the three parameters in the three time periods, and spatial and temporal variations of these climatic parameters under scenarios A2 and B2 were extracted and interpreted. Results showed that the highest increase in temperature would occur in western parts of the country, but the highest increase of potential evapotranspiration would occur in the central region of Iran. However, precipitation would vary temporally and spatially in different parts of the country depending on the scenario used and the time period selected.
Scarcity of water is now the biggest threat in many parts of the world, specially in arid and semi arid regions. Establishing balance between water resources and the demands in a catchment scale basis could be one of the most important strategies to overcome this problem. In this regard, determination and analysis of water balance components (inputs and outputs) would be necessary. This study has focused on estimation of water balance components in arid-mountainous catchment of Manshad in Yazd province of Iran, during the year 2006-2007 using remote sensing and GIS techniques. To estimate actual evapotranspiration (ET a ) of the catchment, time series of MODIS images were obtained and used via Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) approach. Measured precipitation (P) and runoff (R) data of the catchment were also used to calculate water balance equation components. Results indicated that a large volume of catchment water (about 70%) is wasted through evapotranspiration, while the rainfall is not enough to compensate this volume of water during the year. It seems that the negative (descending) trend has become dominant to the water budget of the area and gradually moves to harsh conditions of water shortage in future decades. Therefore, some actions would be necessary to overcome the problem. Water conservation strategies‚ improvement of water use efficiency, and control on agricultural field expansions are some solutions that could be advised for the studied catchment.
Water resource management and optimum use of all available water resources are ways for the adaptation of climate change and drought conditions.Weather modification, commonly known as cloud seeding, is the application of scientific technology that can enhance a cloud's ability to produce precipitation. Cloud seeding projects have being performed in Iran since 1999, as one of the most important strategies to increase water supplies. However, determining the time and place of cloud seeding operation are the basic necessities to achieve the best possible results. This paper explains innovative and scientific methods of feasibility study of Tehran province (semi-arid area) and Hormozgan province (arid area) by meteorological stations data, upper air data, satellite imagery (TRMM), weather radars products, topographic and vegetation maps. Factor analysis and World Meteorological Organization classification methods of PEP were applied to determine proper seeding time. Eventually, cloud seeding susceptible areas were classified as levels and altitudes. In Tehran province, the results showed that the northwest, west and central catchments are capable for cloud seeding operation in December, January, February and March at an altitude of 2500-3000 meters. Suitable months of cloud seeding operation in the north and northwest of the catchment of Hormozgan province were January, February and March, in order of priority.
The water shortage is a challenge in many countries around the world. Today, the latest scientific and practical technologies are used to solve the problem of water shortage in arid and semi-arid regions. The optimal use of water resources as well as the use of novel methods of water extraction plays a significant role in alleviating the effects of this crisis. One of the methods used for increasing rainfall and water harvesting from the atmosphere is cloud seeding technology. The first step of this technique involves studying the target area and selecting the appropriate time and place for cloud seeding. The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of cloud seeding in Sistan and Baluchestan province, south east of Iran, for rainmaking. Therefore, using the parameters of precipitation, minimum temperature, relative humidity and cloudy parameter, the status and feasibility for rainmaking in the province were evaluated and suitable months for cloud seeding were determined. Accordingly, December, January, February and March were found to provide suitable conditions for seeding. In order to select suitable places for cloud seeding, zoning maps of precipitation, temperature and relative humidity in selected months as well as the topographic map of the province were prepared by GIS After fuzzyization and integration of these maps, the zoning map of suitable areas for cloud seeding in Sistan and Baluchestan province was drawn to select the most susceptible areas. The area surrounding Khash synoptic station and the southern areas of the province were found to be suitable for cloud seeding.
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