In the present study, the effect of group hope therapy on labor pain and mental health of pregnant women was investigated, in consideration of the Iranian health policy's emphasis on encouraging women to have a healthy delivery. The research plan was a semiexperimental pretest-posttest design with a control group. A total of 36 pregnant women were assigned to the treatment and control group using a random procedure. General Health Questionnaire and a Visual Analog Scale were used to collect data about dependent variables. For the analysis of hypotheses, independent samples t test and covariance analysis were used. The findings showed that hope therapy had a significant effect on labor pain (t = 5.17; P < 0.001) and mental health (F = 28.21; P < 0.001). In general, the findings of the present study confirm the application of group hope therapy in relieving labor pain and increasing the mental health of pregnant women. This therapeutic approach can simultaneously reduce the labor pain, generate positive emotions in women, and turn the experience of delivery into a pleasant one.

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Emotional divorce is accompanied by growing negative emotions and it affects couples' relationship. Marital conflicts and interpersonal processing are among the important elements of a marital relationship. The present study is aimed at investigating the effect of Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (ISTDP) on marital conflict and interpersonal processing of married women with emotional divorce in the city of Tehran. The method of the study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and follow-up with control group design. For this purpose, 40 women who were emotionally divorce were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. Experimental group received ISTDP. Results revealed that the experimental group showed reduced conflict levels (F=43.93, p<0.01) and increased interpersonal processing (F= 85.43, p<0.01). Therefore, ISTDP reduces negative emotions and consequent conflicts in marital relationships and improving couples' interpersonal processing.

This study aimed to investigate the phenomenon of self-injury among female adolescents. The research was qualitative, and the sampling method was purposive non-random; the sample size was 20 Iranian girl adolescents aged 13–15 years who had experienced non-suicidal self-injury. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The data analysis process was performed during three coding steps (open, axial, selective), through which the basic codes and categories were identified. Study results indicate that the main factors in adolescents' self-injury were individual or psychological (thoughts, emotions, and behaviors) and social (peers, family, communication with different gender, communication with others, media/cyberspace, school, and economic). In the former, the role of emotions was remarkable, while in the latter, the family played a key role. Further, results revealed that communication within the family was an important motivating and sustentative factor in adolescents' self-injury. The results can help counselors in working with adolescents who self-injure; results can also be used in the development and implementation of treatment plans.

Background: Parents may face challenges in establishing relationships with their children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). This research was conducted to compare the effectiveness of the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program (Triple P) and the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)-based parenting on the parent-child relationship and parental self-efficacy of parents with ODD children. Methods: The design of this research was quasi-experimental and included two intervention groups and one control group. The study population consisted of all mothers of first-, second-, and third-grade primary school children with ODD who lived in Shahrekord City, Iran in 2018. The study mothers were chosen by purposive sampling method and then divided into three groups of Triple P, ACT, and control. Data were gathered using the Oppositional Defiant Disorder Rating Scale (ODDRS), the Parent-Child Relationship Scale (PCRS) and the Parental Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ). Data analyses were carried out using multivariate analysis of variance, repeated measures analysis of variance and post hoc Bonferroni test in SPSS. Results: Significant differences in the Post-test parent-child relationship (F=4.53, P<0.05) and follow-up parent-child relationship (F=8.03, P<0.05) and Post-test parental self-efficacy (F=11.24, P<0.05) and follow-up parental self-efficacy (F=11.04, P<0.05) were observed among Triple P, ACT, and control group. The findings also showed no significant difference in posttest and follow-up phases (P>0.05) between Triple P and ACT groups. There were significant differences in parent-child relationships and parental self-efficacy between Pre-test and Post-test phases in Triple P and ACT (P<0.05) groups, but there was no significant difference between the Post-test and follow-up stages (P>0.05). Conclusion: The results of this research suggest that Triple P and ACT are effective techniques for improving parent-child relationships and parental self-efficacy in mothers of children with ODD.