Male C57BL/6 mice received diets with either 10% of kcal from fat, or a high fat diet [45% (HF45) or 60% (HF60) kcal from fat]. Diets were prepared with or without freeze-dried powders (10%) from whole blueberries (BB), strawberries (SB), Concord grape or black raspberry. In the 2nd study, purified anthocyanins (ACNs) from SB or BB were added to the drinking water of the treatments fed the HF60 diet. In Study 1, serum triglycerides were increased by feeding the HF45 diet but were elevated further when black raspberry or BB was included in the HF45 diet. Liver total lipids and triglycerides were increased in mice fed HF45 diet and inclusion of any of the berry powders in the HF45 diet did not alter concentrations compared to HF45 controls. In the 2nd study, mice fed the HF60 diet plus purified ACNs from BB in the water had lower body weight gains and body fat than the HF60 fed. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were elevated with the HF60 diet and decreased to control levels when ACNs from either SB or BB were included in the drinking water. Serum leptin levels were consistently decreased to control low fat levels in those ACN treatments in which measures of body fat were decreased. Administering purified ACNs from BB and strawberry via drinking water prevented the development of dyslipidemia and obesity in mice, but feeding diets containing whole berries or purple corn (PC) ACNs did not alter the development of obesity.
Anthocyanins (ACNs) from various foods have been shown to minimize the development of obesity in some animal models. The objective of the current study was to compare the effects of feeding purified black raspberry (BRB) ACNs or the freeze-dried whole BRB on the development of obesity. Male C57BL/6J mice (25 days of age) were assigned at random to treatments (7/treatment; 3/cage). The treatments included (1) control low-fat diet (10% calories from fat) (LF); (2) LF plus BRB juice in place of drinking water; (3) LF diet plus purified BRB ACNs in drinking water (1.25 mg/mL); (4) control high-fat diet (60% calories from fat) (HF60); (5) HF60 diet + BRB juice in place of drinking water; (6) HF60 diet + ACNs in drinking water (1.25 mg/mL); and (7) HF60 + freeze-dried whole BRB powder (21.7 g/kg of diet). Body weight gains in mice fed HF60 diet plus purified BRB ACNs tended to be lower after 56, 63, and 70 days than in mice fed HF60 alone. Body weights were increased at time of sacrifice, but heart, liver, and kidney weights as a percentage of body weight were decreased in mice fed HF60 diet compared to LF fed mice. Weights (g or g/body weight) of epididymal and retroperitoneal fat were increased in the HF60 fed mice compared to LF fed mice. Fasting serum glucose, leptin, and insulin levels as well as homeostasis assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were elevated in mice fed the HF60 diet relative to LF-fed controls. Serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were not altered by diet. Serum levels of resistin were increased in mice fed the HF60 diet compared to mice fed the LF diet. None of the responses measured were altered by whole BRB powder included in the diet relative to the HF60 control diet. Cyanidin containing di- or triglycosides in BRB was ineffective in altering the development of obesity in contrast to cyanidin-monoglycosides, which have been shown to be effective. The sugar moiety on the anthocyanidins may be an important factor in determining the response in the development of obesity.
The eastern panhandle region of West Virginia is entirely within the Appalachian Ridge and Valley ecoregion. It is underlain by limestone in the eastern part and by shale and sandstone in the western part. Agricultural and urban development has affected the condition of the streams of this region. We examined samples from 165 stations in the Ridge and Valley, collected from 1998 to 2004. Land use, geological characteristics, physical and chemical parameters, and algal and macroinvertebrate assemblages were used to identify potential stressors that affect streams in the region. Our analyses indicated that both human land uses and ecoregional differences led to elevated nutrient concentrations in streams of the study areas. Multiple regression analyses indicated that both agricultural and urban land use in the watershed were associated with high nutrient concentrations (NO2+3, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus) in streams. These elevated nutrient concentrations have led to increased algal biomass, increased trophic state, and degradation of macroinvertebrate community in the streams. Values of the West Virginia Stream Condition Index, as well as several other benthic macroinvertebrate metrics, decreased with increased nutrient concentrations and conductivity, especially in the limestone region. When regional differences were partitioned out in the analysis, nutrient concentrations became the strongest stressor in the limestone region while conductivity exhibited less of an effect on macroinvertebrate metrics. Meanwhile, periphyton diagnostic metrics also responded to increased nutrient concentrations, suggesting nutrients could be a cause of biological degradation in the Eastern Ridge and Valley region. Multiple approaches and multiple lines of evidence (reference approach and stressor‐response approach) were applied to develop nutrient benchmarks for different geological regions in the study watershed.
Effects of feeding cranberry, blueberry, and black raspberry powder on select parameters of metabolic syndrome were investigated in 40 growing male Sprague Dawley rats. The five dietary treatments were: 1) control AIN93G diet, 2) high fructose (65% by weight, HF) diet, and 3–5) HF diet with 5% (dry weight) of cranberry, blueberry, and black raspberry powder. Compared to control animals, HF reduced the body weight, abdominal fat, total liver lipids, and liver triglycerides. Urinary nitrate/nitrite excretion was not altered by diet (p>0.05). There was no difference among treatments in fasting and postprandial plasma glucose, uric acid or cholesterol concentrations, but plasma triglycerides were increased by high fructose feeding in both fed and fasted states. All three berries reduced fasting (p<0.01) but not postprandial plasma triglycerides. High fructose feeding increased fasting plasma insulin that was reduced by the berries. Values for homeostatic model of insulin resistance were increased (p<0.05) by HF diet but were reduced by the berries, while values for beta cell function showed a tendency to be reduced by the berries (p<0.09). HF feeding in a purified diet balanced for all nutrients did not produce a strong response in parameters associated with metabolic syndrome in growing rats, but all three berries were partially effective in ameliorating some of these parameters. Funded by USDA, ARS.
Objectives of this study were to determine if cranberry proanthocyanidins (CPACs) had an antihyperglycemic effect in the presence or absence of insulin in male diabetic Sprague‐Dawley rats. Rats (~250 g)(n=6–10/trt) were given a single intraperitoneal (ip) injection of freshly prepared streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 70 mg/kg in 50 mM citrate buffer (pH 4.5). Diabetic animals with hyperglycemia greater than 400 mg/dL on day 7 after STZ injection were used. Treatments included: 1) Oral gavage of tap water; 2) Oral gavage of CPACs in aqueous solution (250 mg/kg body weight); 3) Oral gavage of tap water plus insulin − 9 nmole/animal ip; 4) Oral gavage of CPACs (250 mg/kg body weight) plus insulin − 1.26 nmole/animal ip; 5) Insulin given ip at a dose of 1.26 nmole/animal. Blood samples were collected by tail bleeding, and glucose measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 210 and 270 min. CPACs did not alter glucose levels compared to water. CPACs plus the low dose of insulin potentiated the insulin effect in lowering glucose equivalent to the high dose of insulin. Area under the curve for blood glucose change following treatment was −22486±6426; − 21219±7322; − 99283±10262; − 89991±4604; − 65605±11463 for treatments 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively. Cranberry derived procyanidins had an additive antihyperglycemic effect in the presence of a low insulin dose, but not in the absence of insulin. Funded by USDA, ARS and Decas Botanicals.
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