Conventional utility meters are increasingly being replaced with smart meters as smart meter based AMIs (Advanced Metering Infrastructures) provide many benefits over conventional power infrastrucutures. However, security issues pertaining to the data transmission between smart meters and utility servers have been a major concern. With large scale AMI deployments, addressing these issues is challenging. In particular, as data travels through several networks, secure end-to-end communication based on strong authentication mechanisms and a robust and scalable key management schemes are crucial for assuring the confidentiality and the integrity of this data. In this paper, we propose an approach based on PUF (physically unclonable function) technology for providing strong hardware based authentication of smart meters and efficient key management to assure the confidentiality and integrity of messages exchanged between smart meters and the utility. Our approach does not require modifications to the existing smart meter communication. We have developed a proof-of-concept implementation of the proposed approach which is also briefly discussed in the paper.
BackgroundOveractive bladder (OAB) is often associated with a number of co-morbid medical conditions, including diabetes mellitus. This may necessitate several concomitant treatments, thus creating the potential for drug–drug interactions (DDIs). Trospium is renally eliminated, not metabolized via cytochrome P450; therefore, cytochrome P450 DDIs are unlikely. However, coadministration with another renally eliminated drug (e.g., metformin) may theoretically result in a DDI.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (plasma and urine) and safety/tolerability of the coadministration of trospium chloride extended release (XR) and metformin under steady-state conditions in healthy male and female subjects.MethodsIn a single-centre, randomized, open-label, two-group, two-period study in healthy males and females aged 18–45 years, 44 subjects received oral metformin 500 mg twice daily for 3.5 days during one period, and oral trospium chloride XR 60 mg once daily for 10 days, followed by trospium chloride XR 60 mg once daily for 4 days plus metformin 500 mg twice daily for 3.5 days during the other period. The two periods occurred in a crossover fashion, separated by a 3-day washout period.ResultsTrospium chloride XR coadministration did not alter metformin steady-state pharmacokinetics. Metformin coadministration reduced trospium steady-state maximum plasma concentration (by 34 %) and area under the concentration–time curve from 0–24 hours (by 29 %). Neither drug’s renal clearance was affected. No safety/tolerability issues of concern were observed with coadministration.ConclusionNo dosage adjustment is necessary for metformin when coadministered with trospium chloride XR.
Users increasingly use their mobile devices to communicate, to conduct business transaction and access resources and services. In such a scenario, digital identity management (DIM) technology is fundamental in customizing user experience, protecting privacy, underpinning accountability in business transactions, and in complying with regulatory controls. Users identity consists of data, referred to as identity attributes, that encode relevant-security properties of the clients. However, identity attributes can be target of several attacks: the loss or theft of mobile devices results in a exposure of identity attributes; identity attributes that are send over WI-FI or 3G networks can be easily intercepted; identity attributes can also be captured via Bluetooth connections without the user’s consent; and mobile viruses, worms and Trojan horses can access the identity attributes stored on mobile devices if this information is not protected by passwords or PIN numbers. Therefore, assuring privacy and security of identity attributes, as well as of any sensitive information stored on mobile devices is crucial. In this paper we address such problems by proposing an approach to manage user identity attributes by assuring their privacypreserving usage. The approach is based on the concept of privacy preserving multi-factor authentication achieved by a new cryptographic primitive which uses aggregate signatures on commitments that are then used for aggregate zero-knowledge proof of knowledge (ZKPK) protocols. We present the implementation of such approach on Nokia NFC cellular phones and report performance evaluation results.
Users increasingly use their mobile devices for electronic transactions to store related information, such as digital receipts. However, such information can be target of several attacks. There are some security issues related to Mcommerce: the loss or theft of mobile devices results in a exposure of transaction information; transaction receipts that are send over WI-FI or 3G networks can be easily intercepted; transaction receipts can also be captured via Bluetooth connections without the user's consent; and mobile viruses, worms and Trojan horses can access the transaction information stored on mobile devices if this information is not protected by passwords or PIN numbers. Therefore, assuring privacy and security of transactions' information, as well as of any sensitive information stored on mobile devices is crucial. In this paper, we propose a privacy-preserving approach to manage electronic transaction receipts on mobile devices. The approach is based on the notion of transaction receipts issued by service providers upon a successful transaction and combines Pedersen commitment and Zero Knowledge Proof of Knowledge (ZKPK) techniques and Oblivious Commitment-Based Envelope (OCBE) protocols. We have developed a version of such protocol for Near Field Communication (NFC) enabled cellular phones.
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