A denotational semantic definition of SMALLTALK-80 is given. Its most notable characteristic is a surprisingly simple treatment of inheritance. An executable version of the semantics, written in STANDARD ML, is also described.
SUMMARYThe Java .class file is a compact encoding of programs for a stack-based virtual machine. It is intended for use in a networked environment, which requires machine independence and minimized consumption of network bandwidth. However, as in all interpreted virtual machines, performance does not match that of code generated for the target machine. We propose verifiable, machine-independent annotations to the Java class file to bring the quality of the code generated by a 'just-in-time' compiler closer to that of an optimizing compiler without a significant increase in code generation time. This division of labor has expensive machine-independent analysis performed off-line and inexpensive machine-dependent codegeneration performed on the client. We call this phenomenon 'super-linear analysis and linear exploitation.' These annotations were designed mindful of the concurrency features of the Java language. In this paper we report results from our machine-independent, prioritized register assignment. We also discuss other possible annotations.
Although marijuana possession remains a federal crime, twenty-three states now allow use of marijuana for medical purposes and four states have adopted tax-and-regulate policies permitting use and possession by those twenty-one and over. In this article, I examine recent developments regarding marijuana regulation. I show that the Obama administration, after initially sending mixed signals, has taken several steps indicating an increasingly accepting position toward marijuana law reform in states, even as the current situation regarding the dual legal status of marijuana is at best an unstable equilibrium. I also focus on what might be deemed the last stand of marijuanalegalization opponents, in the form of lawsuits filed by several states, sheriffs, and private plaintiffs challenging marijuana reform in Colorado (and by extension elsewhere).This analysis offers insights for federalism scholars regarding the speed with which marijuana law reform has occurred, the positions taken by various state and federal actors, and possible collaborative federalism solutions to the current state-federal standoff. Although the federal government continues to treat marijuana as a Schedule I narcotic-a drug whose manufacture, distribution, and possession are all serious federal crimes-an ever-increasing number of states are adopting very different approaches to regulating the drug. As of this writing twenty-three states plus the District of Colombia have authorized the use of marijuana for medical purposes (Marijuana Policy Project 2014) and four states-Colorado, Washington, Oregon, and Alaska-along with D.C. have taken the additional step of taxing and regulating the manufacture and sale of small amounts of the drug to anyone over the age of twenty-one. Both adult use and medical marijuana initiatives will be on the ballot in several states in 2016 (Ballotpedia 2015) and polls consistently show strong majorities of Americans now favoring the full legalization of marijuana (Saad 2014). This changing marijuana climate in the United States raises important questions regarding the distribution of power between the state and federal governments (Pickerill and Chen 2008) and offers several insights regarding the avenues through which political change can be achieved in the U.S. federal system. Marijuana
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