The central thrust of this paper questions the notion of 'investing in identity' in the current approach to social capital, and challenges the assumption that the poor can draw upon their identities as productive resources to alleviate poverty. This paper argues that the mainstream social capital model is largely based on the economic model of rationality, which assumes that individuals are rational, and consciously construct social identities with purposive reasons. This perspective, however, neglects agency, subjectivity and the power dimension in the process of identity building. This paper also questions the ethnocentric nature of social capital thinking which plays down the influences of culture and context. Drawing upon the structuration theory of Anthony Giddens, and based on my ethnographic research on Chinese migrants in Hong Kong, I challenge the 'Hong Kong-derived Chinese identity model' by Gregory Guldin. Using the concept of 'acknowledgeable agents', I argue that the construction of ethnic identity amongst migrants is far more complicated, and agents may use their hyphenated identities to seek room for manoeuvre. I also highlight the transformative, fluid and fragile nature of identity to suggest that the notion of 'investing in identity' is problematic because which and what identities, and where and how to invest, are not properly addressed. Taking agents' subjectivity into account, disinvestment, rather than investment, in identity may be a more desirable livelihood strategy adopted by migrants. Finally, I draw attention to the dark sides of identity, and point out that without a clear understanding of the existing structures of interaction, investing in identity may result in poverty aggravation and further exclusion of the poor. * The writer is currently an assistant lecturer at the University of Bradford, UK.
VANET is a type of ad hoc network in which the moving vehicles act as nodes. There has been lot of research for using VANETs in many applications. One of the main applications is the use of VANETs to improve driving safety. In any safety related applications, the vehicular nodes have to constantly communicate with each other and the roadside equipments. For e.g., the roadside units sense real time information about road conditions, road blocks or animals straying on the road and passes the message to the approaching vehicles. The alert message enables the driver to take timely decisions in preventing accidents or delay. However there are two issues in the above system. One problem is that VANETs are subject to frequent network disconnections especially in low traffic areas. Due to this some events in the road may go undetected while the detected events may not be transmitted on time. The second issue it with maintaining a synchronized clock within the network. Only then the messages communicated between the nodes will be meaningful. To overcome the above issues and make the system more reliable we propose to include roadside wireless sensor nodes along with the vehicular nodes in the network. The roadside wireless sensor nodes can be deployed at fixed distances and communicate wirelessly with the vehicular nodes. They play an important role in keeping the network connected and guarantee message transmission. We also propose a Hybrid Clock Synchronization (HCS) algorithm to synchronize the clocks of all the nodes. This integrated network which is also time synchronized is called the Hybrid VANET (H-VANET). The proposed H-VANET was simulated and tested using GrooveNet. On comparing our system with the conventional VANET implementing RBS for synchronization, it was seen that our model has better performance and reliability.
This study was conducted to evaluate blood profiles and it relationship with milk production traits in agropastoral goats. Atotal of 250 does whose parity were between 1-6 and average weight of 28.84kg were used for this study, the animals were milked twice a week, and milk production traits investigated were average daily yield (ADY), total yield (TY), peak day (PD), peak yield (PY), lactation length (LL), and last day yield (LDY). Five milliliter (5ml) of blood was collected from each of the sampled animals by jugular venipuncture, using needle and syringe. 2mls of each blood sample were poured into a bijou bottle containing ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) for hematological evaluation which were Pack Cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin concentration (Hb). The remaining samples were allowed to coagulate to produce sera for blood chemistry analysis. The separated serum samples were properly labeled and stored at -20oC till further analysis. Serum samples were analyzed for different biochemical profile namely sodium (Na), total protein (TP) albumin, globulin and glucose. Correlations between blood profiles and milk production traits were obtained using Statistical Analysis system. The results indicated that the agropastoral goats were within the range of normal reference values for goats (28.47% PCV, 9.49g/dl Hb136.40mmol/L Na, 64.44g/l Total protein, 31.12 g/l Albumin, 33.12 g/l globulin and 4.44 g/l glucose). The correlation between blood constituents and milk production traits revealed that PCV, Hb and glucose were positively correlated with milk yield traits. Thus suggesting that increase or improvement in these blood parameters may increase milk production in goats.
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