The aims of this review were to characterize human and animals brucellosis epidemiology in Yemen and also guide policy makers to draw sound decisions regarding brucellosis control policies. The Seroprevalence of human brucellosis in Yemen was ranging from 0.3 to 32.3%. Nevertheless, it is suggested that a stronger inter-sectoral collaboration among pregnant women, veterinary, medical and public health professionals and country level in terms of one-health approach should be promoted. In spite of this disease is reported in humans and all domestic animals of the country, Yemeni people lack awareness about the zoonotic potential of the disease with their existing habit of raw milk consumption and close contact with domestic animals.

Introduction: Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by genus Brucella, transmitted to humans by direct or indirect contact with infected domestic animals or their dairy products. Materials and methods:This study was carried out to compare between standard agglutination test and an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay to detect human brucellosis among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in some hospitals and health centers in Sana'a city, southern Yemen.Results: A total of 304 serum samples were tested to detect brucella antibodies of which 87(28.61%) were positive by SAT. However, only 45(15%) were positive by ELISA. Out of 87 participants positive by SAT 58(66.67%) were positive for Brucella abortus and melitensis, 24(27.59%) were positive for brucella abortus, 5(5.75%) were positive for brucella melitensis. Out of 45 subjects positive by ELISA, 17(6%) were positive for IgG antibodies, 42(14%) were positive for IgM antibodies. Conclusion:A number of seropositivity for brucella antibodies by SAT was more than by ELISA. We recommend confirming the results of SAT by other test such as ELISA because the ELIAS is more sensitive than SAT. Keywords ResultsA total of 304 serum samples which tested to detect brucella antibodies 87(28.61%) were positive by SAT. However, only 45(15%) were positive by ELISA. Out of 87 participants positive by SAT 58(66.67%) were positive for Brucella abortus and melitensis, 24(27.59%) were positive for brucella abortus, 5(5.75%) were positive for brucella melitensis. Out of 45 subjects positive by ELISA, 17(6%) were positive for IgG antibodies, 42(14%) were positive for IgM antibodies. The cross-tabulation between SAT and ELISA (IgM and IgG) is shown in (Table 1). DiscussionIn this study we compare between SAT and ELISA to detect human brucellosis among Yemeni pregnant women. Out of 304 pregnant women, 28.61% were positive for brucella antibodies by SAT while, only 15% were positive for brucella IgG and IgM antibodies by ELISA. Our findings showed that the number of positive samples was higher by SAT than by ELISA. May be the SAT give false negative at low dilutions of serum, but false negative reactions can be avoided by diluting the serum beyond 1/320. Moreover, false-positive reactions can also be obtained in SAT from cross-reactions with antibodies to Salmonella spp., Yersinia spp., Vibrio cholera, Francisella and other gram negative bacilli sharing common antigens [17]. In this study, we suggest that the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA was more than the SAT. This agree with other previous studies [18][19][20] who reported that ELISA typically uses the cytoplasmic proteins as antigens and measures IgM, IgG, and IgA, which allow for better interpretation. On the other hand, some other studies reported that this is not true with some studies who reported that ELISA was more sensitive than the SAT for the diagnosis of human brucellosis [21,22].ELISA as it is the most sensitive and specific serological assay, but ELISA tests are relatively costlier tests in comparison ...

Polyomavirus BK (BKV) or human Polyomavirus is an icosahedral, non-enveloped virus classified under the Polyomaviridae family. The oncogenic properties of BKV belong to both an early domain and late domains. BKV encodes important Tag proteins such as LTAg and STAg “Tumour antigen; Tag. They succeeded in altering and stimulating infected cells to uncontrolled proliferation experimentally in both culture cell and animal models. This study aims to summarize the important oncogenic pathway that BKV used to initiate tumor. Both BKV proteins LTAg and STAg interfere with many cellular pathways/proteins such as retinoblastoma proteins, PP2A, P53, MAP kinases pathway, tumor suppressor proteins, telomerase, endothelial growth factor, leading to uncontrol of cell proliferation and apoptosis. This study concluded that stimulation of cell growth and secretion of extra endothelial growth factor in the absence of antiapoptotic proteins increases BKV proteins to mediate cancer development.

The present study aims to characterize and predict models for antibacterial activity of a novel oligosaccharide from Streptomyces californics against Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and an artificial neural network. The mathematical predication models were used to determine the optimal conditions to produce oligosaccharide and determine the relationship between the factors (pH, temperature, and time). The characteristics of the purified antibacterial agent were determined using ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV/Vis), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H- and 13C-NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS). The best performances for the model were 39.45 and 35.16 recorded at epoch 1 for E. carotovora Erw5 and E. carotovora EMCC 1687, respectively. The coefficient (R2) of the training was more than 0.90. The highest antimicrobial production was recorded after 9 days at 25 °C and a pH of 6.2, at which more than 17 mm of the inhibition zone was obtained. The mass spectrum of antimicrobial agent (peak at R.T. = 3.433 of fraction 6) recorded two molecular ion peaks at m/z = 703.70 and m/z = 338.30, corresponding to molecular weights of 703.70 and 338.30 g/mol, respectively. The two molecular ion peaks matched well with the molecular formulas C29H53NO18 and C14H26O9, respectively, which were obtained from the elemental analysis result. A novel oligosaccharide from Streptomyces californics with potential activity against E. carotovora EMCC 1687 and E. carotovora Erw5 was successfully isolated, purified, and characterized.