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We present a comprehensive and original framework for the biomechanical analysis of patients affected by ascending thoracic aorta aneurysm and aortic insufficiency. Our aim is to obtain crucial indications about the role played by deranged hemodynamics on the ATAAs risk of rupture. Computational fluid dynamics analysis was performed using patient-specific geometries and boundary conditions derived from 4D MRI. Blood flow helicity and wall shear stress descriptors were assessed. A bulge inflation test was carried out in vitro on the 4 ATAAs after surgical repair. The healthy volunteers showed no eccentric blood flow, a mean TAWSS of 1.5 ± 0.3 Pa and mean OSI of 0.325 ± 0.025. In 3 aneurismal patients, jet flow impingement on the aortic wall resulted in large TAWSS values and low OSI which were amplified by the AI degree. However, the tissue strength did not appear to be significantly reduced. The fourth patient, which showed the lowest TAWSS due to the absence of jet flow, had the smallest strength in vitro. Interestingly this patient presented a bovine arch abnormality. Jet flow impingement with high WSS values is frequent in ATAAs and our methodology seems to be appropriate for determining whether it may increase the risk of rupture or not.

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Purpose. It has been reported clinically that rupture or dissections in thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) often occur due to hypertension which may be modelled with sudden increase of peripheral resistance, inducing acute changes of blood volumes in the aorta. There is clinical evidence that more compliant aneurysms are less prone to rupture as they can sustain such changes of volume. The aim of the current paper is to verify this paradigm by evaluating computationally the role played by the variation of peripheral resistance and the impact of aortic stiffness onto peak wall stress in ascending TAA. Methods. Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) analyses were performed using patient-specific geometries and boundary conditions derived from 4D MRI datasets acquired on a patient. Blood was assumed incompressible and was treated as a non-Newtonian fluid using the Carreau model while the wall mechanical properties were obtained from the bulge inflation tests carried out in vitro after surgical repair. The Navier Stokes equations were solved in ANSYS Fluent. The Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian formulation was used to account for the wall deformations. At the interface between the solid domain and the fluid domain, the fluid pressure was transferred to the wall and the displacement of the wall was transferred to the fluid. The two systems were connected by the System Coupling component which controls the solver execution of fluid and solid simulations in ANSYS. Fluid and solid domains were solved sequentially starting from the fluid simulations. Results. Distributions of blood flow, wall shear stress and wall stress were evaluated in the ascending thoracic aorta using the FSI analyses. We always observed a significant flow eccentricity in the simulations, in very good agreement with velocity profiles measured using 4D MRI. The results also showed significant increase of peak wall stress due to the increase of peripheral resistance and aortic stiffness. In the worst case scenario, the largest peripheral resistance (10 10 kg.s.m -4 ) and stiffness (10 MPa) resulted in a maximal principal stress equal to 702 kPa, whereas it was only 77 kPa in normal conditions. Conclusions. This is the first time that the risk of rupture of an aTAA is quantified in case of the combined effects of hypertension and aortic stiffness increase. Our findings suggest that a stiffer TAA may have the most altered distribution of wall stress and an acute change of peripheral vascular resistance could significantly increase the risk of rupture for a stiffer aneurysm.

Nineteen aromatic components were identified by GC/MS and quantified by GC-FID in 72 orange juices derived from the most widespread blond and blood cultivars grown in Itay. Naveline and Washington navel juices were characterized by a relatively high content of trans-2-hexenol; Valencia late was characterized by myrcene and Ovale calabrese by myrcene and linalool. Sanguinello and Moro juices were distinguished by valencene, whereas no single flavor differentiated Tarocco juices. Statistical treatment of the data by principal component and linear discriminant analyses pointed out the effectiveness of a reduced number of variables to discriminate most of the blond and blood juices, differentiating among their specific varieties. The most predictive flavors (myrcene and valencene among terpenes, hexenols and linalool among alcohols) are known to contribute powerful citrusy and fruity-green top notes, respectively.

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Prosthetic ring annuloplasty is considered the gold standard technique for mitral valve repair, but it has been associated with some drawbacks. Suture annuloplasty is less expensive and may have some physiopathologic advantages. We reviewed the literature to assess clinical results of mitral suture annuloplasty. Thirteen series, each reporting more than 50 patients and published in the last 10 years, were included in the analysis. They comprised 1,648 patients with cumulative follow-up of 5,607 patient-years. Our review suggests that suture annuloplasty is a safe procedure, but a trend toward recurrence of annular dilatation with time was reported. In selected cases, suture annuloplasty is effective, and its mid-term clinical results are encouraging and compare well with those of prosthetic ring repair series. The quality of the results varies according to the particular annuloplasty technique used and to the mitral valve pathology treated. Recent technical modifications have been found to decrease the incidence of repair failure and promise to improve the reproducibility of the procedure. Further investigations are warranted to better assess the long-term results of suture annuloplasty, and to determine whether its theoretical functional advantages translate into a real clinical benefit.