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Organic cultivation practices resulted in significantly higher levels of glucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin in broccoli florets; however, other investigated compounds were unaffected by production practices.

1The potential of visible-near infrared spectroscopy to determine selected individual and 2 total glucosinolates in broccoli has been evaluated. Modified partial least squares 3 (MPLS) regression was used to develop quantitative models in order to predict 4 glucosinolate contents. Both the whole spectrum and different spectral regions were 5 separately evaluated to develop the quantitative models, in all cases the best results were 6 obtained using the NIR zone between 2000 and 2498 nm. These models have been 7 externally validated for the screening of glucoraphanin, glucobrassicin, 4-8 methoxyglucobrassicin, neoglucobrassicin and total glucosinolates contents. In addition, 9 discriminant partial least squares was used to distinguish between two possible broccoli 10 cultivars and showed a high degree of accuracy. In the case of the qualitative analysis, 11 best results were obtained using the whole spectrum (i.e. 400-2498 nm) with a correct 12 classification rate of 100% in external validation being obtained. 13 14

This work investigates the changes in the morphological traits, body composition, body fat and oxidative stress of Sparus aurata under two stress conditions: a low weekly exposure to the pesticide Diuron and chronic handling stress. The fish exposed to handling stress showed lower values in the morphological traits and perivisceral fat, whereas chemical stress induced a decrease in the percentage of muscle and carcase and an increase in the percentage of spleen and hepatosomatic index. The two stress situations produced changes in the FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) levels in all organs studied with a particularly marked response for Diuron in the gill. No significant differences in the ROS (reactive oxygen species) level were found for the digestive tract or the gill. In muscle, only Diuron produced a significant increase in ROS, while in liver, both treatments increased the ROS levels. This supports the oxidative stress sensitivity to chemical stress and shows that also could be an appropriate indicator of handling stress. The morphological indexes and body components examined could be practical and easy welfare indicators. Nevertheless, further works must be needed to use under the production conditions in fish farms.

Wooded grasslands have always played an important role in rural life with changing issues: They are of high importance for questions of biodiversity, soil, and water resources and in preserving agricultural heritage, but their maintenance is labor intensive. Abandoned wooded grasslands undergo succession, and food production alone does not support their survival. They require special attention and at the beginning a well-established subsidy system can help to contribute to their survival. Their sustainable use in the present-day landscapes can only be conceivable in complexity where food production, reintroduction of their cultural values, biodiversity and landscape protection, and ecotourism are playing an important role. This chapter gives an overview on the recent situation of wooded grasslands and their historical development, based on the work done by the Institute for Research on European Agricultural Landscapes (www.​eucalandnetwork.​eu). National pictures, definitions, history (including local names), threats, potentials, cultural values, spatial distributions, subtypes, and available databases have been collected, described, and analyzed. The main results of this survey are as follows: (1) Wooded grasslands are known to the public but mainly to local communities where they occur; (2) Many subtypes of wooded grasslands exist in various European countries; (3) Wooded grasslands underwent tremendous changes during the past centuries and lost their importance for various reasons; (4) There are many local and regional projects focusing on wooded grasslands, often as “lighthouse” projects to valorise cultural achievements

1The use of hyperspectral imaging to (a) quantify and (b) localise total glucosinolates in 2 florets of a single broccoli species has been examined. Two different spectral regions 3 (vis-NIR and NIR), a number of spectral pre-treatments and different mask development 4 strategies were studied to develop the quantitative models. These models were then 5 applied to freeze-dried slices of broccoli to identify regions within individual florets 6 which were rich in glucosinolates. The procedure demonstrates potential for the 7 quantitative screening and localisation of total glucosinolates in broccoli using the 950-8 1650 nm wavelength range. These compounds were mainly located in the external part 9 of florets. 10