The aim was to study the effects of different gamete coincubation times on porcine in vitro fertilization (IVF), and to verify whether efficiency could be improved by reducing oocyte exposure time to spermatozoa during IVF. In groups of 50, a total of 508 immature cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were matured in NCSU-37 medium. The COCs were cultured for 44 hours and then inseminated with in natura semen (2,000 spermatozoa/ oocyte). The sperm and oocytes were coincubated according to the following treatments (T): T1 = oocytes exposed to spermatozoa for one hour (173 oocytes), T2 = oocytes exposed to spermatozoa for two hours (170 oocytes), and T3 = oocytes exposed to spermatozoa for three hours (165 oocytes). After these coincubation periods, the oocytes were washed in fertilization medium (TALP medium) to remove spermatozoa not bound to the zona pellucida and cultured in another similar medium (containing no sperm). Eighteen to twenty hours after fertilization, the putative zygotes were stained in Hoechst-33342 to evaluate the IVF results. The penetration rate was higher (P<0.05) after two hours of coincubation time than it was for one or three hours. Furthermore, 68.60% of the ova coincubated with the spermatozoa for two hours were monospermic. The oocytes exposed to spermatozoa for one hour (T1) presented a higher (P<0.01) rate of polyspermy than those in T2 and T3. Fertilization performance (%) did not differ (P>0.05) between oocytes exposed to spermatozoa for one (T1) and three hours (T3). However, optimum (P=0.048) results were obtained after two hours of coincubation, when the rate of fertilization performance was 50.16±8.52%. The number of penetrated sperm per oocyte, as well as male pronucleus formation, did not differ (P>0.05) between the treatments evaluated. Under these assay conditions, especially in relation to the sperm concentration used, gamete coincubation for a period of two hours appears to be optimal for monospermy and fertilization performance. Thus, it is the optimal time period for obtaining a large number of pig embryos capable of normal development. (FIV) de suínos e se a eficiência dessa técnica poderia ser melhorada pela redução no período que os ovócitos são expostos aos espermatozoides durante a FIV. Um total de 508 (em grupos de 50) complexos cumulus-ovócito (COCs) imaturos foram maturados no meio NCSU-37. Os COCs foram cultivados por 40-44 horas e então inseminados com sêmen in natura (2.000 espermatozoides/ovócito). Os espermatozoides e ovócitos foram coincubados de acordo com os seguintes tratamentos (T): T1 = ovócitos expostos aos espermatozoides por uma hora (173 ovócitos); T2 = ovócitos expostos aos espermatozoides por duas horas (170 ovócitos) e T3 = ovócitos expostos aos espermatozoides por três horas (165 ovócitos). Após esses períodos de coincubação, os ovócitos foram lavados em meio de fertilização (meio TALP) para remoção dos espermazoides não ligados a zona pelúcida e cultivados em outro mesmo meio (não contendo espermatozoides). Após 18-20 horas de fertilização, os p...
Este artículo trata sobre la participación pedagógica, comunitaria y social del profesorado de primaria y los motivos por los que participan en actividades y proyectos. El estudio es descriptivo basado en métodos mixtos, con una estrategia secuencial explicativa. Para este, se aplicó un cuestionario a una muestra de 800 maestros y 1,131 maestras en cuatro municipios de Chihuahua, México; además de realizarse dos grupos focales. Se encontró que uno de cada diez docentes manifiesta un alto nivel de participación en actividades escolares y en proyectos pedagógicos, no así en proyectos comunitarios y sociales. El profesorado hace alusión a la mejora de la calidad educativa o de los aprendizajes como los principales motivos por los que participan. Finalmente, se identificaron estrategias implementadas por los colectivos para promover la participación, como la libertad para expresar ideas y el apoyo y acompañamiento de los integrantes que favorecen el logro de objetivos.
The objective was to investigate the effects of sex-sorting on early fertilization events in ovum pick up (OPU) derived oocytes fertilized in vitro with frozen-thawed sperm at different co-incubation lengths. Eighty-four OPU sessions were carried out in 18 cyclic, dry and non-stimulated Holstein Friesian and German black pied cows. Ovum pick up oocytes were matured in vitro for 24 hours and fertilized with frozen-thawed sex sorted or unsorted sperm from the same ejaculate. Fertilization was achieved by two experimental protocols: 1) short gamete co-incubation length: 4, 8 and 12 hours; and 2) long gamete co-incubation length: 18 and 24 hours. After in vitro fertilization, ova were fixed and stained to identify early fertilization events. Sperm penetration, monospermy, pronuclear formation and syngamy did not differ, whether sexed or unsexed sperm was used. Overall, the findings demonstrate similar fertilizing potential between sex-sorted and unsorted sperm.
The Murciano-Granadina (M-G) breed is the most representative goat breed in Spain. Ultrasound has proven to be a very useful procedure in animal reproduction for detection and monitoring of pregnancy and Doppler ultrasound has made it possible to obtain non-invasive objective measurements of the vascular supply and the functionality of various organs and structures. The objective of this work has been the evaluation of the hemodynamic characteristics of the umbilical artery in M-G goat fetuses using Doppler parameters and indices to assess the applicability of Doppler ultrasound in the evaluation of fetal vascularization. The study was carried out in 4 pregnant goats M-G, belonging to IMIDA, located in the Veterinary Teaching Farm. Examinations and measurements of Doppler parameters in the umbilical artery were carried out once a week between days 75 and 120 of gestation, assuming a total of 5 to 7 ultrasound sessions in each female. Doppler parameters analyzed were Peak Sistolic Velocity (PSV), End Diastolic Velocity (EDV), Mean Velocity (MV), Resistive Index (RI), Pulsatility Index (PI), Systolic/Diastolic Ratio (S/D) and umbilical artery pulse (AP). PSV increased without significant differences until day 120 of gestation, when it reached its maximum value. EDV progressively increased significantly during pregnancy. MV of umbilical arterial flow remained with similar values, without significant differences between days of pregnancy, reaching its maximum value on day 120. Values of RI, PI and S/D ratio decreased continuously and significantly during the gestational period. AP values varied significantly during pregnancy, reaching the maximum on day 90 and minimum value on day 120 of pregnancy. This study has shown that Doppler ultrasound is an effective, safe and repeatable tool that offers good accuracy to successfully analyze blood flow and velocimetric parameters of the umbilical cord during physiological changes and intrauterine development of the fetus throughout pregnancy in M-G goats. The objective of this work has been the evaluation of the hemodynamic characteristics of the umbilical artery in M-G goat fetuses using Doppler parameters and indices to assess the applicability of Doppler ultrasound in the evaluation of fetal vascularization. The study was carried out in 4 pregnant goats M-G, belonging to IMIDA, located in the Veterinary Teaching Farm. Examinations and measurements of Doppler parameters in the umbilical artery were carried out once a week between days 75 and 120 of gestation, assuming a total of 5 to 7 ultrasound sessions in each female. Doppler parameters analyzed were Peak Sistolic Velocity (PSV), End Diastolic Velocity (EDV), Mean Velocity (MV), Resistive Index (RI), Pulsatility Index (PI), Systolic/Diastolic Ratio (S/D) and umbilical artery pulse (AP). PSV increased without significant differences until day 120 of gestation, when it reached its maximum value. EDV progressively increased significantly during pregnancy. MV of umbilical arterial flow remained with similar values, without significant differences between days of pregnancy, reaching its maximum value on day 120. Values of RI, PI and S/D ratio decreased continuously and significantly during the gestational period. AP values varied significantly during pregnancy, reaching the maximum on day 90 and minimum value on day 120 of pregnancy. This study has shown that Doppler ultrasound is an effective, safe and repeatable tool that offers good accuracy to successfully analyze blood flow and velocimetric parameters of the umbilical cord during physiological changes and intrauterine development of the fetus throughout pregnancy in M-G goats. La raza Murciano-Granadina (M-G) es considerada la raza caprina más representativa de España y su sistema productivo presenta una elevada trascendencia. La ecografía ha demostrado ser un procedimiento de gran utilidad en reproducción animal para la detección y seguimiento de la gestación y la ecografía Doppler ha posibilitado obtener mediciones objetivas no invasivas del aporte vascular y la funcionalidad de diversos órganos y estructuras. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido la evaluación de las características hemodinámicas de la arteria umbilical en fetos caprinos de raza M-G empleando parámetros e índices Doppler para valorar la aplicabilidad de la ecografía Doppler en la evaluación de la vascularización fetal. El estudio se llevó a cabo en 4 cabras gestantes M-G, pertenecientes al IMIDA, ubicadas en la Granja Docente Veterinaria. Los exámenes y mediciones de los parámetros Doppler en la arteria umbilical se llevaron a cabo una vez por semana entre los días 75 y 120 de gestación, suponiendo un total de 5 a 7 sesiones ecográficas en cada hembra. Se analizaron los siguientes parámetros Doppler: velocidad sistólica máxima (PSV), velocidad diastólica final (EDV), velocidad media (VM), índice de resistividad (IR), índice de pulsatilidad (IP) y relación sístole/diástole (S/D) además, del pulso de la arteria umbilical (PA). PSV y VM se mantuvieron con valores similares, sin diferencias significativas, mientras que EDV aumentó con diferencias significativas en el periodo gestacional analizado. Los valores de IR, IP y S/D descendieron de forma continua y significativa. Los valores de PA variaron de forma significativa durante la gestación, alcanzado su máximo en el día 90 y llegando a su valor mínimo el día 120. Los índices Doppler ofrecen gran precisión y pueden utilizarse con éxito para estudiar la perfusión sanguínea y los parámetros velocimétricos del cordón umbilical en fetos durante el periodo de gestación en cabras M-G. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido la evaluación de las características hemodinámicas de la arteria umbilical en fetos caprinos de raza M-G empleando parámetros e índices Doppler para valorar la aplicabilidad de la ecografía Doppler en la evaluación de la vascularización fetal. El estudio se llevó a cabo en 4 cabras gestantes M-G, pertenecientes al IMIDA, ubicadas en la Granja Docente Veterinaria. Los exámenes y mediciones de los parámetros Doppler en la arteria umbilical se llevaron a cabo una vez por semana entre los días 75 y 120 de gestación, suponiendo un total de 5 a 7 sesiones ecográficas en cada hembra. Se analizaron los siguientes parámetros Doppler: velocidad sistólica máxima (PSV), velocidad diastólica final (EDV), velocidad media (VM), índice de resistividad (IR), índice de pulsatilidad (IP) y relación sístole/diástole (S/D) además, del pulso de la arteria umbilical (PA). PSV y VM se mantuvieron con valores similares, sin diferencias significativas, mientras que EDV aumentó con diferencias significativas en el periodo gestacional analizado. Los valores de IR, IP y S/D descendieron de forma continua y significativa. Los valores de PA variaron de forma significativa durante la gestación, alcanzado su máximo en el día 90 y llegando a su valor mínimo el día 120. Los índices Doppler ofrecen gran precisión y pueden utilizarse con éxito para estudiar la perfusión sanguínea y los parámetros velocimétricos del cordón umbilical en fetos durante el periodo de gestación en cabras M-G.
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