Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of many forms of cancer by stimulating body's own immune system. This therapy not only eradicates tumor cells by inducing strong anti-tumor immune response but also prevent their recurrence. The clinical cancer immunotherapy faces some insurmountable challenges including high immune-mediated toxicity, lack of effective and targeted delivery of cancer antigens to immune cells and off-target side effects. However, nanotechnology offers some solutions to overcome those limitations, and thus can potentiate the efficacy of immunotherapy. This review focuses on the advancement of nanoparticle-mediated delivery of immunostimulating agents for efficient cancer immunotherapy. Here we have outlined the use of the immunostimulatory nanoparticles as a smart carrier for effective delivery of cancer antigens and adjuvants, type of interactions between nanoparticles and the antigen/adjuvant as well as the factors controlling the interaction between nanoparticles and the receptors on antigen presenting cells. Besides, the role of nanoparticles in targeting/activating immune cells and modulating the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment has also been discussed extensively. Finally, we have summarized some theranostic applications of the immunomodulatory nanomaterials in treating cancers based on the earlier published reports.

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, belongs to a class of small non-coding RNA. It is a critical regulator of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level which interacts with the functional mRNA at 3'UTR region and suppresses the expression of the mRNA. More recently, it has become apparent that changes in the miR-153 expression lead to invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis and various types of tumor progression. This review summarizes the connection between dysregulation of miR-153 and various types of cancer progression. miR-153 regulates various signaling pathways to inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis in the cancer cell and also show synergistic activity with anticancer drugs. In addition to this, the oncogenic behavior of miR-153 and their use as a potential biomarker in cancer was also reviewed.