emerging diseases, species complex Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is one of the most important export crops in Egypt which produced over 470,000 tonnes from 12,579 ha in 2021, making it the fifth largest strawberry producer after China, the USA, Turkey, and Mexico (FAOSTAT, 2023). However, a severe infection of anthracnose was detected on fruits in El Behaira governorate, Egypt in November 2020 which significantly threatens strawberry production and quality. The Colletotrichum sp. species complex (Damm et al., 2012) is a known cause of strawberry anthracnose, of which C. nymphaeae is the dominant and most serious species.Fourteen strawberries showing typical symptoms of anthracnose were collected from commercial fields (mainly cvs. Fertona and Festival) in Badr City, El Beheira governorate in January 2021 (Figure 1). The samples had necrotic tissues covered with orange conidial masses on the fruit epicarp. For isolation, approximately 0.5 mm of the lesion margin was excised and surface sterilised using 2% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed three times using sterilised water, cultured on potato dextrose agar, and incubated for seven days at 25 • C. Isolates with morphological characteristics consistent with Colletotrichum were obtained from ten of the fruits. Briefly, colonies were cottony white to pale grey without visible conidial masses, whereas the reverse side varied from white to salmon (Figure 2). Although acervuli were not observed, conidia were produced from hyphae on simple, short, hyaline conidiophores (Figure 3A). Conidia were unicellular, hyaline, non-septate, smoothwalled, short cylindrical, and fusiform with rounded ends or one end acute (Figure 3B). The size of conidia ranged from 15.0-21.0 µm long This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of foliar extracts of four medical plants, harmal (Peganum harmala L.), laurel (Laurus nobilis L.), marmaria (Salvia officinalis L) and zizyphus (Zizyphus spina-christi. Willd) on fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) and peach fly Bactrocera zonata (Saunders).The effect of these extracts on larvae pupal duration, percent of malformation, percent of reduction in infestation and percent reduction in number of punctures /fruit .The results proved that, harmal, laurel and zizyphus show toxic effect on both C. capitata and B. zonata larvae. harmal was more toxic to the larvae of both flies than the other three compounds ,with LC50 values 8.52 and10.5 ml/L for both flies, respectively. Harmal recorded the highest mean of malformation percent 48.79 and 43.62% for C. capitata and B. zonata, respectively followed by laurel and zizyphus in case of C. capitata and zizyphus and laurel in case of B. zonata. Harmal recorded the highest mean of reduction percent of infestation followed by laurel and marmaria in case of C. capitata and laurel and zizyphus in case of B. zonata. the highest mean of percent reduction in number of punctures/fruit was recorded after treatment with harmal and laurel for both C. capitata and B. zonata. The tested extracts show toxic effect on larvae of both flies, cause changes in some biological measurements and reduce both percent of infestation and number of punctures/fruit, so these extracts could be incorporated in management programmes of both fruit flies.
The efficacy of the sex attractant, trimedlure diluted with oleic acid was estimated against the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) on guava and mandarin orchards. Four concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 98 %) were tested by using yellow Jackson traps. The current results illustrated that the highest general mean of C. capitata males was attracted by trimedlure at a concentration of 75% followed by 50, 98 then 25%, represented by 5.48, 3.74, 3.48 and 1.8 respectively as FTD in the first 5 weeks. Also in the second 5 weeks of study concentration 75% recorded the highest FTD (5.62) compared with concentrations of 50%, 98% and 25%. With respect to the general FTD all over the 10 weeks , concentration 75% was recorded the highest FTD( 5.55) followed by 50%(2..29) , 98%( 2.73) and 25% (1.82 flies per trap per day) respectively. Also, in mandarin concentration 98% recorded the highest FTD in the first 5 weeks of the study (1.83) on contrary other concentrations (75%, 50% and 25%) were (FTD= 1.39, 0.75 and 0.78 males per trap/day) respectively. The regression of the attractiveness of each tested concentration to PFF males, all over the 10 weeks, the efficiency of all of the tested concentrations did not affected by the elapsed time. However R 2 -values were 0.040, 0.000, 0.011 and 0.001in the case of 98, 75, 50 and 25% concentrations, respectively in guava orchards , while in mandarin orchards all over the 10 weeks were relatively affected by elapsed time .
The efficiency of methyl eugenol diluted with oleic acid was evaluated against the peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata(Saunders) in guava and mandarin orchards. Four concentrations (98, 75, 50 and 25 %) weretested by using yellow Jackson trap. The obtained results indicated that B. zonata males showed different degrees of attractancy for the different tested concentrations in both orchards.In guava orchards, methyl eugenol attracted the highest numbers of B. zonata males at a concentration of 75% followed by 98, 50 and 25% with a general mean of 74.8, 66.37, 51.49 and 29.52 individuals/trap / week, respectively. Also, in mandarin the concentration of75% exhibited the highest attractiveness (19.05) for PFF males, while the concentration of 50% ranked the second group and recorded the moderate level of attractiveness (14.47) followed by 25% (11.78) and 98% (10.68individuals/trap / week) .The regression of the attractiveness of each tested concentration to PFF males over 70 days in guava and mandarin orchards revealed that the potentiality of the tested varied according to the concentration used. However, the efficiency of methyl eugenol at 75% concentration slightly decreased by the time in comparison with other tested concentrations in both orchards.
The purple scale, Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) ( Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is one of the most important armored scale insects infesting citrus trees in Egypt. The present study was conducted aiming to a better understand the seasonal activities of L. beckii and its associated natural enemies, Aphytis lepidosaphes Compere (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and the predator, Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in response to habitat environment (host plant species and certain weather factors) during two successive years (2019 and 2020) in Dakahlia governorate, Egypt. The obtained results indicated that L. beckii is present in the orchards all around the year infesting leaves of navel orange, mandarin and lemon trees showing one to three peaks of activity yearly. A. lepidosaphes recorded one to two peaks of activity (as parasitism%) on L. beckii adults in navel orange, mandarin and lemon orchards; while C. bipustulatus exhibited one to three peaks (as predatism%) on the pest stage. A. lepidosaphes and C. bipustulatus act in density-dependent reactions; where statistical analysis showed that there were good synchronizations between L. beckii and populations of these natural enemies. L. beckii population was significantly higher in navel orange orchards followed by mandarin and lemon orchards, respectively. On the contrary, the activities of studied natural enemies were mostly higher in significant values in lemon orchards followed by mandarin and navel orange orchards, respectively. So, it can be concluded that the relatively low population levels of L. beckii in lemon orchard may be attributed to the relatively high activities of the recorded natural enemies, and vice versa. The daily temperature degrees had mostly high significant positive effects on the activities of L. beckii and both A. lepidosaphes and C. bipustulatus; while the daily means of relative humidity had mostly insignificant effects on them.
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