Antibiotic resistance rate is rising worldwide. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are potent for fighting antimicrobial resistance (AMR), independently or synergistically. The purpose of this study was to prepare AgNPs using wild ginger extracts and to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of these AgNPs against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus faecalis. AgNPs were synthesized using wild ginger extracts at room temperature through different parameters for optimization, i.e., pH and variable molar concentration. Synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by UV/visible spectroscopy and further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDXA), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Disc and agar well diffusion techniques were utilized to determine the in vitro antibacterial activity of plant extracts and AgNPs. The surface plasmon resonance peaks in absorption spectra for silver suspension showed the absorption maxima in the range of 400–420 nm. Functional biomolecules such as N–H, C–H, O–H, C–O, and C–O–C were present in Zingiber zerumbet (Z. zerumbet) (aqueous and organic extracts) responsible for the AgNP formation characterized by FTIR. The crystalline structure of ZZAE-AgCl-NPs and ZZEE-AgCl-NPs was displayed in the XRD analysis. SEM analysis revealed the surface morphology. The EDXA analysis also confirmed the element of silver. It was revealed that AgNPs were seemingly spherical in morphology. The biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited complete antibacterial activity against the tested MDR bacterial strains. This study indicates that AgNPs of wild ginger extracts exhibit potent antibacterial activity against MDR bacterial strains.
Allelochemicals are secondary metabolites which are not edible and can be used as growth regulators and bio-herbicides. The goal of current study was to assess allelopathic ability of
Lantana camara
(Sage-plant) flowers against weeds viz.
Avena fatua
(Wild oat),
Euphorbia helioscopia
(Sun-spurge),
Chenopodium album
(Goosefoot),
Phalaris minor
(Canary-grass), and
Rumex dentatus
(Knotweed). Bioassay analysis of three methanolic fractions of the Combi
flash
from
L. camara
was performed at 50%, 75% and 100% concentration using germination percentage parameters, inhibition of plumule and radicle size. The fraction II of Combi
flash
strongly suppressed all weeds with negligible effect on
T. aestivum
. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy was conducted for the fraction, and isolated compounds were used to perform bioassays. From fraction II GC–MS detected four methyl esters of allelopathic fatty acid viz. Methyl oleate, methyl palmitate, methyl stearate and methyl linoleate. The evaluation of physiological effects of the bioassay revealed substantial suppression of chlorophyll, antioxidant enzymes (superoxide, dismutase peroxidase) and protein material in all weeds by methyl palmitate. Bioassay activity and study of physiological parameters revealed that the effective bio-herbicidal compound in
Lantana camara
flowers is methyl palmitate. This is the first time that methyl palmitate (a fatty acid methyl ester) has been related to herbicidal activity in
L. camara
flowers. It is proposed that field studies based on hormesis research and the mechanism of action of this compound be carried out.
Abstract::
The process of melanogenesis, that takes place in the melanocytes of the epidermis, leads to hyperpigmentation.
The biosynthetic pathway for production of melanin involves the enzyme tyrosinase that has been an attractive target for
cosmaceutical research. Numerous synthetic, semisynthetic and natural, especially plant-based, inhibitors of tyrosinase have
been reported in the literature. In plants, the secondary metabolites like flavonoids, chalcones, stilbenes, tannins, hydroquinone
and kojic acid, etc... have been shown to possess the anti-tyrosinase activity. In the current review, we have covered
the progress in this sphere that would be useful for not only further mechanistic investigations but also for the optimization
of the structure of the metabolites for improved activity and selectivity. Thus the review presents a comprehensive report on
tyrosinase inhibitors of plant origin reported in the extract form or as isolated compounds. Huge gap has been found between
research and industry due to inconsistent pursual of the potent plant based extracts. There is a need to completely
evaluate the extracts for structure optimization using molecular docking and evaluation of the safety inorder to benefit the
industry with non toxic biological friendly products through invivo and exvivo optimization.
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