The imminent nanotechnology and progressive instrumentations together have vast applications in the field of forensic science. Few prominent examples are gold nanoparticles for improvising the efficiency of polymerase chain reaction and atomic force microscopy for examining ink and bloodstains. Characteristics like distinct ridge details of fingerprints could be obtained by applying different nanoparticles such as silver, zinc oxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, gold (with silver physical developer), europium, fluorescent carbon, and amphiphilic silica on a range of object surfaces, and among all, gold is most commonly used. Fingerprint is considered noteworthy evidence in any crime scene, and nano-based techniques hold immense future potential in fingerprint investigations. Therefore, this paper focuses on the applications of nanoparticles in developing and detecting the latent fingerprints.
The beginning of latent fingerprint development on porous surface was first achieved by silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) method. But the significantly increasing cost has caused forensic experts to look for an alternative means. Silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) is the main component in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles, namely silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Owing to its unique property to adhere with fingerprint residue, AgNPs have attracted a great attention in the domain of nano-forensic fingerprinting. This study mainly focuses on the use of lower concentration of silver nitrate through new AgNP
Hallucinogens are diverse group of chemicals occurring naturally as well as synthetic. These drugs produce bizarre effects on the mind, such as distortion of time, space, sound, colour, and other sensations. It acts primarily on the central nervous system and interfere with the filtering mechanisms of the mind causing alterations in perceptions, thinking and moods. In India, Forensic Science Laboratories run by Government under the Home ministry usually carry out this. The samples must be analyzed by the forensic toxicologist/chemists/scientist. This article deals with the screening/spot test for hallucinogens. It attempts has been made for screening/spot/colour test of Hallucinogens in a stepwise manner, which can be of handy reference for the forensic toxicologist/scientist/chemist.
Narcotics are the substances used to treat moderate to severe pain. They could be natural like opiates such as morphine, codeine etc., synthetic like fentanyl, methadone etc., and semi-synthetic like oxycodone, hydrocodone etc. These drugs act as pain relievers, induces the state of stupor or sleep, and increase the physical dependence on them. In forensic autopsy case, the forensic pathologist may require a complete toxicological investigation for different poisons including stimulants. In India, Forensic Science Laboratories run by Government under the Home ministry usually carry out this. The samples must be analysed by the forensic toxicologist/chemists/scientist. This article deals with the screening/spot test for narcotics. It attempts to simplify the standard procedures in a step-wise manner, which can be of handy reference for the forensic toxicologist.
Background: Microbes play a significant role in the degradation of biological evidence collected for forensic analysis. The present study is aimed to isolate and identify the microbes present inside the empty container used for the biological evidence collection. Methods: Bacterial isolation from the selected containers was done by cotton swab over the inner surface of the containers. Streaking was done on the surface of the three different culture plates as a Blood agar plate, Nutrient plate and MacConkey plate. The plates were placed in an incubator shaker at 37ºC for 48 hours. The colonies grown on the surface of the media were counted on and used for further study. Various biochemical assays were performed to characterize isolated bacteria. Results: Staining results suggested that the presence of Gram-positive stain (Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Clostridium) and Gram negative stain (E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Shigella, Stenotrophomonas, Bdellovibrio, Acetic acid bacteria). The Catalase and Coagulase test suggested the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermis and S. sapropyticus. Moreover, the indole test suggested the presence of Citrobacter koseri, Kebsiella oxytoca, Proteus vulgaris etc. Some of the bacteria were urea metabolizing, including Proteus spp, Helicobacter pylori, Cryptococcus spp, Corynebacterium spp. Conclusion: This study recommends that there should be proper maintenance of the chain of custody from the collection to analysis so that evidence properly prevents degradation or contamination in the biological evidence. Extra care is needed for the collection and packing of biological evidence from the crime scene. Moreover, the collection containers, if left wide open, lead to contamination and degradation of biological evidence.
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