A time-variable one-dimensional model (called ViM for Vapor Intrusion Model)to predict indoor vapor concentrations in a dwelling with a combined basement and crawl space has been developed. ViM predicts vapor concentrations in each of the three compartments. Volatile chemicals that intrude into the dwelling are assumed to originate from soil, groundwater (where an attenuating plume is simulated), or ambient air. Processes included in the model are advection, diffusion, biodecay, and adsorption in the soil column; transport by diffusion and advection into individual crawl space and basement compartments; advection from each compartment into an overlying dwelling space; and exchange of ambient air and indoor air. The time-variable concentration fields are solved by first transforming the partial and ordinary differential equations into Laplace space, solving the resulting ordinary differential equations or algebraic equations, and numerically inverting those equations. This approach was an expedient way of handling the coupling between the subsurface and the dwelling. ViM was applied to a building (Building 20) located at the former Moffett Field Naval Air Station, in Mountain View, CA. The building is a former bachelor officer's quarters. The shallow groundwater beneath the building is contaminated with a number of volatile chemicals, including trichloroethene, cis-1,2-dichloroethene, and trans-1,2-dichloroethene, all of which were simulated. Using indoor air data collected in 2003-2004, and other field data collected prior to that time, the accuracy of the model's predictions was demonstrated. ViM's results were also compared against a version of the steady-state Johnson and Ettinger model (1) that was modified to accommodate a dwelling with a combined crawl space and basement (called the JEM model in this paper). The predictions from the JEM model were consistently higher than the predictions from ViM, but still near the upper range of the observed data.

This paper summarizes topics related to colloid transport in subsurface media. The ultimate objective of the paper is to present a model that can be used to evaluate the significance of colloid facilitated transport on the mobility of metals. Field and laboratory studies are first reviewed to evaluate evidence that colloids are transported in subsurface media. Second, researchers active in the field are contacted to identify areas of ongoing research, and to solicit opinions concerning the level of understanding of mechanisms that control colloid migration. Third, the literature on colloid transport mechanisms is reviewed, with particular emphasis on colloid (and particle) filtration and on colloid stability as influenced by electrical repulsion and Van der Waals attraction. Fourth, a conceptual colloids‐metal transport model (COMET) is developed and incorporated into EPA's CML model, a model that simulates solute migration from a landfill in the unsaturated zone to a receptor (i.e., drinking‐water well) in the saturated zone. Among the major features of the COMET model are the capability to simulate multiple metal species either dissolved or adsorbed to mobile colloids (in conjunction with results from a geochemical equilibrium model), the capability to simulate the influence of multiple colloid types, and to adjust source concentration and duration in the presence of colloids that migrate from a source. These capabilities are embodied in equations (2) and (3) in the main text of this paper. As expected, results from the COMET simulations indicate that mobile phase metal concentrations (dissolved concentration plus concentration adsorbed to mobile colloids) increase as colloid concentrations increase, and arrival times of soluble metal species (solutes) to stationary receptors decrease. When the partition coefficients for solute‐colloid adsorption and solute‐soil matrix adsorption are the same, neither the increase in mobile phase concentration nor decrease in travel time is always significant. However, when partition coefficients for solute‐colloid adsorption are greater than partition coefficients for solute‐soil matrix adsorption, travel times to stationary receptors can dramatically decrease and total mobile phase concentrations dramatically increase.

Highlights d Labeling and sorting of granulosa and theca/stroma subsets in human ovarian follicles d PVRL1 distinguishes the oophorus compartment of antralstage follicles d scRNA-seq indicates atypical molecular signature of granulosa cells within xenografts d Analysis of theca/stroma subsets reveals heterogeneity and differentiation hierarchy

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The nutrient cycling model, NuCM, which incorporates state-of-the-art understanding of the biogeochemical and transport processes controlling nutrient cycles, simulates vegetation growth, litterfall and decay, soil biogeochemical processes, and movement of water. Output of the model includes the available nutrients in soil strata and vegetation pools and the fluxes between pools on a weekly, monthly or annual basis. Solution and adsorbed concentrations in the various soil layers can be plotted versus time. The model has been used to simulate effects of acidic deposition on nutrient status at two sites: Huntington Forest, New York and Smokies Tower, Tennessee. Model results show only minor changes in nutrient status at the sites over the next 65 years at current rates of acidic deposition. The results also show only small differences in soil nutrient status between two alternative scenarios for reduction of SO(x) emissions. Neither "threshold effects" nor abrupt changes in nutrient pool sizes occurred in either of the simulations.

In the recent years, de-embedding method of "open-short", and "open-thru" with dummy DUTs are mostly used for on-wafer devices. This paper shows a method, called L-2L, with two metal lines or transmission lines. One is two times the length of the other one. Based on the measurement data of two lines, PAD parasitics and scalable length model with certain width are obtained by L2L. Furthermore, the tape-out DUT numbers for the de-embedding are extremely minimized to 2. The applications for inductors by 65 nm Low-K Si-based process and 0.18 µm FSG Si-based process, and for 0.13 µm transmission lines are also shown for benchmark in this paper.

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