Thermal microbial inactivation kinetics can be influenced significantly by the non-isothermal condition of the sample tested. In many instances, it is practically difficult to maintain the temperature constant during chemical and biological reactions. To minimise error caused by such non-isothermal condition, an effective treatment temperature was derived based on fundamental principles of reaction kinetics. This effective temperature was significantly different from the arithmetic mean temperature due to the exponential effect of temperature on reaction rate. In order to validate the developed concept, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 suspended in simulated milk ultra filtrate was thermally inactivated using test tubes of different diameters. As expected, the D value was accurately related to the water bath temperature only when small capillary tube was used for the measurements. As the tube diameter increased, the D value increased and was found not to be related to the water bath temperature. On the other hand, the measured D values using different tube diameters correlated very well with the calculated effective treatment temperature. Our calculations show that the effective temperature can be calculated with reasonable degree of accuracy even if there is some uncertainty in the value of the activation energy of the reaction. A number of important applications are addressed in this paper to show the importance of using such a concept. The use of effective temperature will allow accurate comparison of reaction kinetics reported in the literatures on chemical and biological reactions.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic disease with very complex pathogenesis and feature of chronic synovitis. The biological effect of polymorphism on expression and functionality of IL-23R such as SNP can have functional and phenotypic consequences that make Il-23R as a risk factor for RA disease. Moreover recently there is a new trends to find out a new noninvasive prognostic biomarker for RA disease which may help in fallowing up disease. Thus the aim of present work is to find out if there prognostic value for IL-13 and IL-17in Rheumatoid arthritis through linking its expression level with disease activity score (DAS). Also To study if there is a role for IL-23R 11209026 gene polymorphism in disease susceptibility in Iraqi community by using healthy volunteer as a control group. To achieve this goal a Case control study has been conducted on 40 patient and 40 matched apparently health control. serum IL-17 and IL-13 concentration were measure by enzyme Linked immunosorbent assay According to manufactural instruction,measurement of disease activity was determine according to DAS 28 Score.RFLP PCR was used to study SNP of IL-23R gene polymorphism for patient and control group. Data were summarized, presented and analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPSS version 23). Result of present study found there was significant association between serum IL-17 and IL-13 level and RA disease (P<0, 001; and P<0, 001respectively). Moreover,there is significant positive correlation between expression level of both IL-17 and IL-13 with DAS28 (0.044,and 0.034 respectively). According to Receptor operating Curve both of IL-17 and IL-13 found to have high specificity and sensitivity 100%. Regarding to IL-23 R gene polymorphism,there was no significant correlation between rs11209026 gene polymorphism and susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis patients in Iraqi community. Thus,present study showed that the concentrations of IL-13 and IL-17 significantly correlated with disease severity and DAS 28 which reflect their prognostic value in RA. Moreover,present study demonstrated that there was no significant association between Il-23R gene rs11209026 polymorphism and susceptibility to RA in Iraqi population.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.