This article focuses on the effect of iron (Fe) addition on the fabrication of Ti-alloys. Fe is a potential inexpensive element that can be added to Ti-alloys to reduce their cost. This metal can also be used to replace expensive β-stabilizing alloying elements, such as vanadium (V) and molybdenum (Mo), for Ti-alloys. Fe has also been utilized as a novel cost-effective alloying element to decrease Ti-alloy costs and to design other alloys, such as Ti metal 62S (Ti-6Al-1.7Fe-0.1Si) and Ti-Fe-O-N Ti-alloy. This technical perspective has been further applied to fabricate new Ti-alloys. For example, Ti8LC and Ti-5.5Al-1Fe with good mechanical features have been developed as novel Ti-alloys in China and Japan, respectively. Nowadays, vanadium (V) of Ti-6Al-4V alloy is completely replaced with Fe to produce Ti-Al-Fe alloy series. Three new alloys, namely, Ti-6Al-xFe, where x = 1, 2, and 3 wt%, are introduced to examine the effect of Fe addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-alloys.
Ti-6Al-4V is a dual-phase (α+β) Ti-alloy which possesses potential series and complex microstructures. The coexistence of β-phase alongside α-phase in Ti-6Al-4V alloy enhances the heat treatment process. Precise adjustments of heat treatment parameters can lead to diversity of microstructures that can be transformed from equiaxed to fully lamellar to bimodal. These microstructures have a critical impact on the mechanical properties. This work investigates the effect of altering the heat treatment parameters on both the microstructure and microhardness of Ti-6Al-4V alloy to elucidate alloy's behaviour on the basis of microstructure-properties relations. Recrystallization annealing, solution treatment followed by aging, and β-annealing were performed on several samples to obtain various microstructures. The as-received sample exhibited fine equiaxed structure with a grain size of 1.78 µm. Recrystallization annealing of the fine equiaxed structure yielded considerable grain growth, resulting 7.29 µm larger globular grains. The bi-modal microstructure was obtained from the equiaxed structure through solution treatment followed by aging. The application of β-annealing treatment resulted in a lamellar microstructure. The microhardness readings were affected by variations in the heat treatment procedures. The highest and lowest hardness were 386.1Hv and 302.2 Hv for the lamellar and the equiaxed microstructures, respectively. The improvement in the microhardness was 27.8%. In comparison, the bi-modal microstructure demonstrated a balanced hardness.
Many Ti-alloys were designed by introducing iron (Fe) as an alloying element to improve the mechanical properties and reduce the cost of the alloys. Therefore, new (α+β) titanium alloys, Ti-6Al-(1-3)Fe were developed through complete replacement of vanadium (V) by iron with major composition modifications of Ti–6Al–4V, which is commonly used for aerospace applications. Ti-Al-Fe alloys were melted through vacuum arc melting technique followed by hot rolling. This study aims to investigate the effect of Fe addition on the microstructure and hardness of emerging (Ti-Al-Fe) alloys in comparison with Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Results reveal that the microstructures are typical lamellar structures, and the hardness ranges from 32 to 40.7 HRC. The hardness of the investigated alloys increases with increasing Fe content.
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