en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). 'economy-wide' challenge. In addition to air pollution, flooding and public health effects, solid waste contributes to climate change through methane production (Hoornweg and Bhada-Tata, 2012). This is an indication that the situation is detrimental to sustainable development and human wellbeing. Solid waste includes all wastes generated by humans and animals that is solid and usually seen as useless and often disposed of (Chengula et al., 2015). Waste can be classified as biodegradable and non-biodegradable (Mukui, 2013). It is often an urban challenge and catalysed by population increase due to increasing waste generation associated with high population. Improper waste generation leads to a number of health and environmental challenges while there is high environmental pollution at landfill sites. Chengula et al. (2015) described inadequate waste collection as a

This paper presents a survey study of how social innovation moderates social and economic value from the perspective of shared value creation. Specifically, the study addresses the following questions: Does economic value lead to social value creation in shared value creation? Does social innovation moderate social and economic value in the creation of shared value? The questions are addressed through an empirical investigation of 250 social enterprise organizations that apply social objectives and a market-based approach to attain social and economic goals in Ghana. The study used SmartPLS software version 3.0 to evaluate the data collected. The results indicated that economic value influences the creation of social value in shared value creation. Study results also revealed that social innovation is a driver of shared value creation via social value in the educational sector of Ghana. However, social innovation could not play a moderating role in economic value to shared value creation.

The contribution of agriculture to the development of a country cannot be over emphasized, likewise the role played by smallholder farmers in the production of food in developing countries such as Ghana. Hence, the research examined the factors that affect market participation of smallholder farmers in Ghana. The Ghana Living Standard Survey data as published by the Ghana Statistical Service was employed and analyzed with the application of multinomial logistic regression model. Analysis of the data in the Northern part of Ghana indicate a very low market participation relative to the national average figure of 36% which itself is considered to be low at the international level. The results further show that, out of the total food crops produced (cereals), maize takes the highest whilst millet is the lowest cereal produced in Ghana. The results also revealed that only 24.2% of the total output of cereals produced in the study area is sold. The multinomial logistic results show that being a female farmer, having access to credit, increase in farm size and household size were factors that discourage subsistence farming and encourage market-oriented farming. The study recommends the promotion of small scale farmer participation in marketing of their produce through improving access to credit, land reallocation and promotion of female farmers' commercial participation.

This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author SM lead the data collection, wrote the introduction and the methodology. Author IAA estimated and wrote the descriptive statistics, both qualitative and quantitative analyses. Author YU did the econometric estimations and the analyses. All three authors have read through and are jointly responsible for the content of this paper.

Irregular rainfall pattern pose challenges to smallholder farmers in Ghana, especially, those in the Northern Region, who risk losing their major source of livelihood as a result of the devastating impacts of climate change. To ensure food and livelihood security, smallholder farmers adopt indigenous and modern soil and water conservation strategies. This study therefore examined the influencing factors of adaptation to irregular rainfall pattern and the challenges therein. A cross sectional data of 140 households from five (5) randomly selected districts in the Northern region of Ghana was used. Results of a Negative Binomial Regression showed that access to extension services and credit positively influenced the number of adaptation strategies to irregular rainfall pattern. Also, quantity harvested, gender and age negatively influenced the number of adaptation strategies adopted by a farmer.