Over the last decade, disabled veterans of the Turkish Army who were injured while fighting against the Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan (PKK; Kurdistan Workers’ Party) have become national icons and leading ultranationalist actors. While being valorized as sacrificial heroes in nationalist discourse, they have also confronted socioeconomic marginalization, corporeal otherness, and emasculation anxieties. Against this backdrop, disabled veterans’ organizations have become the locus of an ultranationalist campaign against dissident intellectuals. Building on two years of ethnographic research with disabled veterans in Turkey, this article analyzes these processes through the analytical lens of the body. Locating the disabled veteran body at the intersection of state welfare practices, nationalist discourses on heroism and sacrifice, and cultural norms of masculinity and disability, I illustrate how disabled veterans’ gendered and classed experiences of disability are hardened into a political identity. Consequently, I show how violence generates new modalities of masculinity and political agency through its corporeal effects.[disabled veterans in Turkey, the body, nationalism, masculinity, violence]
During the 2013 Gezi protests in Turkey, volunteering health professionals provided on-site medical assistance to protesters faced with police violence characterized by the extensive use of riot control agents. This led to a government crackdown on the medical community and the criminalization of ''unauthorized'' first aid amidst international criticisms over violations of medical neutrality. Drawing from ethnographic observations, in-depth interviews with health care professionals, and archival research, this article ethnographically analyzes the polarized encounter between the Turkish government and medical professionals aligned with social protest. I demonstrate how the context of ''atmospheric violence''-the extensive use of riot control agents like tear gas-brings about new politico-ethical spaces and dilemmas for healthcare professionals. I then analyze how Turkish health professionals framed their provision of health services to protestors in the language of medical humanitarianism, and how the state dismissed their claims to humanitarian neutrality by criminalizing emergency care. Exploring the vexed role that health workers and medical organizations played in the Gezi protests and the consequent political contestations over doctors' ethical, professional, and political responsibilities, this article examines challenges to medical humanitarianism and neutrality at times of social protest in and beyond the Middle East.
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Interpretation:Natural, cultural, economic and structural features affect the urban aesthetics. With globalization, cities have entered into a process of change and transformation, but often failing to preserve their identity and aesthetics. The aim of the study was to find an answer to the following questions: How should be the urban design guides, who will pave way for new studies on the formation, observation and maintenance of sustainability in urban aesthetic? What is the relationship between aesthetic and urban design guides?The study was carried out in Kanlıırmak District in Bartın-Turkey in four stages: data collection, analysis, evaluation, results and suggestions.In this context, design guides for open and green areas, street texture, building frontages, and urban furniture in Kanliirmak District had improved. The street silhouette of the selected area was prepared in accordance with the Urban Design Guides; its present structural and planting state was identified.There being no urban design guides peculiar to Bartın, partial solutions were found for the plans and projects in the protection studies. Results are believed to be efficient in forming Bartin urban aesthetic and to be useful in future for other cities that naturally and socio-culturally resemble Bartin to the city from the aspect of urban aesthetic.
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