Many boundaries are hindering successful utilisation of e-health in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). We have previously proposed an integrated framework of knowledge management and knowledge discovery to overcome barriers of e-health in KSA. Our proposed framework facilitates diabetes self-management for diabetic citizens in the Kingdom. In this paper, we will investigate and rank the barriers of e-health in KSA from the prospective of three stakeholders. We designed a questionnaire which constituted of items related to eight different e-health barriers and its associated sub-barriers. Citizens participated in 51 items related to six barriers. Healthcare professionals answered 83 items related to eight barriers. IT specialists participated in 74 items related to six barriers. Within each group of respondents, we compared the mean scores for each factor and sub-factor. The highest possible score for the mean was 5.00 and the lowest was 0.00 where the higher the mean score was the more the barrier constituted an obstacle for e-health in KSA. Citizens ranked the connectivity of information system as the top barrier with the mean of 4.0 whereas the least barrier was the cultural barriers with the mean score of 3.1. Healthcare professionals ranked the connectivity of information systems as the top barriers with the mean score of 3.5 whereas the least barrier was the technical expertise and computer skills with the mean score of 2.2. The top ranked barrier from the perspective of IT specialists was the medication safety with the mean score of 3.5 and the least ranked barrier was security and privacy with the mean score of 2.2. The results showed consistency with the literature review. Our proposed framework will contribute to the successful implementation of e-health initiatives and assist citizens in KSA to selfmanage diabetes.

Lung cancer is among the most hazardous types of cancer in humans. The correct diagnosis of pathogenic lung disease is critical for medication. Traditionally, determining the pathological form of lung cancer involves an expensive and time-consuming process investigation. Lung cancer is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, with lung tissue nodules being the most prevalent way for doctors to identify it. The proposed model is based on robust deep-learning-based lung cancer detection and recognition. This study uses a deep neural network as an extraction of features approach in a computer-aided diagnosing (CAD) system to assist in detecting lung illnesses at high definition. The proposed model is categorized into three phases: first, data augmentation is performed, classification is then performed using the pretrained CNN model, and lastly, localization is completed. The amount of obtained data in medical image assessment is occasionally inadequate to train the learning network. We train the classifier using a technique known as transfer learning (TL) to solve the issue introduced into the process. The proposed methodology offers a non-invasive diagnostic tool for use in the clinical assessment that is effective. The proposed model has a lower number of parameters that are much smaller compared to the state-of-the-art models. We also examined the desired dataset’s robustness depending on its size. The standard performance metrics are used to assess the effectiveness of the proposed architecture. In this dataset, all TL techniques perform well, and VGG 16, VGG 19, and Xception for 20 epoch structure are compared. Preprocessing functions as a wonderful bridge to build a dependable model and eventually helps to forecast future scenarios by including the interface at a faster phase for any model. At the 20th epoch, the accuracy of VGG 16, VGG 19, and Xception is 98.83 percent, 98.05 percent, and 97.4 percent.

Outcome-based education (OBE) is a well-proven teaching strategy based upon a predefined set of expected outcomes. The components of OBE are Program Educational Objectives (PEOs), Program Outcomes (POs), and Course Outcomes (COs). These latter are assessed at the end of each course and several recommended actions can be proposed by faculty members' to enhance the quality of courses and therefore the overall educational program. Considering a large number of courses and the faculty members' devotion, bad actions could be recommended and therefore undesirable and inappropriate decisions may occur. In this paper, a recommender system, using different machine learning algorithms, is proposed for predicting suitable actions based on course specifications, academic records, and course learning outcomes' assessments. We formulated the problem as a multi-label multi-class binary classification problem and the dataset was translated into different problem transformation and adaptive methods such as one-vs.-all, binary relevance, label powerset, classifier chain, and ML-KNN adaptive classifier. As a case study, the proposed recommender system is applied to the college of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) for helping academic staff improving the quality of teaching strategies. The obtained results showed that the proposed recommender system presents more recommended actions for improving students' learning experiences.

COVID-19 is a pandemic that has affected nearly every country in the world. At present, sustainable development in the area of public health is considered vital to securing a promising and prosperous future for humans. However, widespread diseases, such as COVID-19, create numerous challenges to this goal, and some of those challenges are not yet defined. In this study, a Shallow Single-Layer Perceptron Neural Network (SSLPNN) and Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) model were used for the classification and prediction of confirmed COVID-19 cases in five geographically distributed regions of Asia with diverse settings and environmental conditions: namely, China, South Korea, Japan, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan. Significant environmental and non-environmental features were taken as the input dataset, and confirmed COVID-19 cases were taken as the output dataset. A correlation analysis was done to identify patterns in the cases related to fluctuations in the associated variables. The results of this study established that the population and air quality index of a region had a statistically significant influence on the cases. However, age and the human development index had a negative influence on the cases. The proposed SSLPNN-based classification model performed well when predicting the classes of confirmed cases. During training, the binary classification model was highly accurate, with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.91. Likewise, the results of the regression analysis using the GPR technique with Matern 5/2 were highly accurate (RMSE = 0.95239) when predicting the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in an area. However, dynamic management has occupied a core place in studies on the sustainable development of public health but dynamic management depends on proactive strategies based on statistically verified approaches, like Artificial Intelligence (AI). In this study, an SSLPNN model has been trained to fit public health associated data into an appropriate class, allowing GPR to predict the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in an area based on the given values of selected

Cancer is a complicated global health concern with a significant fatality rate. Breast cancer is among the leading causes of mortality each year. Advancements in prognoses have been progressively based primarily on the expression of genes, offering insight into robust and appropriate healthcare decisions, owing to the fast growth of advanced throughput sequencing techniques and the use of various deep learning approaches that have arisen in the past few years. Diagnostic-imaging disease indicators such as breast density and tissue texture are widely used by physicians and automated technology. The effective and specific identification of cancer risk presence can be used to inform tailored screening and preventive decisions. For several classifications and prediction applications, such as breast imaging, deep learning has increasingly emerged as an effective method. We present a deep learning model approach for predicting breast cancer risk primarily on this foundation. The proposed methodology is based on transfer learning using the InceptionResNetV2 deep learning model. Our experimental work on a breast cancer dataset demonstrates high model performance, with 91% accuracy. The proposed model includes risk markers that are used to improve breast cancer risk assessment scores and presents promising results compared to existing approaches. Deep learning models include risk markers that are used to improve accuracy scores. This article depicts breast cancer risk indicators, defines the proper usage, features, and limits of each risk forecasting model, and examines the increasing role of deep learning (DL) in risk detection. The proposed model could potentially be used to automate various types of medical imaging techniques.

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According to medical reports and statistics, skin diseases have millions of victims worldwide. These diseases might affect the health and life of patients and increase the costs of healthcare services. Delays in diagnosing such diseases make it difficult to overcome the consequences of these types of disease. Usually, diagnosis is performed using dermoscopic images, where specialists utilize certain measures to produce the results. This approach to diagnosis faces multiple disadvantages, such as overlapping infectious and inflammatory skin diseases and high levels of visual diversity, obstructing accurate diagnosis. Therefore, this article uses medical image analysis and artificial intelligence to present an automatic diagnosis system of different skin lesion categories using dermoscopic images. The addressed diseases are actinic keratoses (solar keratoses), benign keratosis (BKL), melanocytic nevi (NV), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), dermatofibroma (DF), melanoma (MEL), and vascular skin lesions (VASC). The proposed system consists of four main steps: (i) preprocessing the input raw image data and metadata; (ii) feature extraction using six pre-trained deep learning models (i.e., VGG19, InceptionV3, ResNet50, DenseNet201, and Xception); (iii) features concatenation; and (iv) classification/diagnosis using machine learning techniques. The evaluation results showed an average accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and disc similarity coefficient (DSC) of around 99.94%, 91.48%, 98.82%, 97.01%, and 94.00%, respectively.

The area of knowledge management, the SECI mode in particular, has great value in terms of enriching patients' knowledge about their diseases and its complications. Despite its effectiveness, the application of knowledge management in the healthcare sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia seems deficient, leading to insufficient practice of self-management and education of different prevalent diseases in the Kingdom. Moreover, the SECI model seems to be only focusing in the conversion of human knowledge and ignore knowledge stored in databases and other technological means. In this paper, we propose a framework to support diabetic patients and healthcare professionals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to self-manage their disease. Data mining and the SECI model can provide effective mechanisms to support people with diabetes mellitus. The area of data mining has long been utilised to discover useful knowledge whereas the SECI model facilitates knowledge conversion between tacit and explicit knowledge among different individuals. The paper also investigates the possibilities of applying the model in the web environment and reviews the tools available in the internet that can apply the four modes of the SECI model. This review helps in providing a new median for knowledge management by addressing several cultural obstacles in the Kingdom.