Although most of AT patients have reduced IgA levels or normal immunoglobulin levels, but a fraction of these patients may show CSD ensuing HIgM-profile. CSD poses affected individuals at higher risk of non-infectious complications.

The usage of laser in medicine is not recent, and its history in urology goes back to 40 years ago. For the last 2 decades, common uses of laser have been treatments of subjects with urolithiasis, bladder tumors, benign prostatic enlargement, le sions of the genitalia and urinary tract strictures. To evaluate laser application in urology in Iran, we reviewed all of the Iranian literature on the topic. This study was designed to retrieve all studies on laser application in urology in Iran, regardless of publication status or language, covering years 1990-2017. Twentysix articles were identified: 12 about urolithiasis, 8 about benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 2 case reports, 1 paper about prostate cancer, 1 on female urethral stricture, 1 review and 1 basic sciences study. We conclude that the use of this technology has not yet found its position in Iran, especially in the field of urology. The main causes for it are the difficult accessibility and disturb of laser devices and its accessories, as well as the lack of adequate knowledge of the medical community about this modality.

Introduction: Bladder stone is more common in developing countries and it is one of the rare diseases affecting children. In recent years, there is an increasing tendency in urologists to have minimal invasive approaches. The aim of this study was to compare the results of surgical bladder stone management in our single tertiary center. Methods: From 159 children younger than 18 years with vesical stones treated during January 2000 to January 2015 in Shohada-e-Tajrish hospital, Tehran, Iran, 146 subjects entered to the study. According to type of intervention, patients stratified to three groups. First group included 80 patients that open cystolithotomy (OCL) was done for them, second group was 39 patients who underwent percutaneous cystolithotomy (PCCL) and third group was 27 patients who treated by transurethral cystolithotripsy with holmium-YAG laser (TULL). Demographic data, hospital stay, operation time, and post operation complications were recorded and comparison were drawn between the three groups. Results: Mean age was 8.3 ± 5.1 years (8.6 ± 5.1, 6 ± 4.2 years for boys and girls, respectively). Mean stone size (MSS) was 2.76 ± 1.07 cm and no significant differences were found between the three groups but it was larger in OCL group. Mean operative time (MOT) was 29.15 ± 7.12 minutes in separate; MOT in TULL was significantly higher than PCCL and OCL respectively (36.3 ± 5.97, 30.54 ± 5.27 and 26.06 ± 6.32 minutes/P = 0.000). Mean hospital stay (MHS) in OCL group was 3.55 ± 1 days that was higher than PCCL and TULL groups significantly (P = 0.000). Conclusion: Based on our study, holmium:YAG lithotripsy has a high success rate, and is a minimally invasive management, therefore it is a safe method for children bladder calculi treatment if proper equipment was available and done by expert hands.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the use of human amniotic membrane allograft to prevent urethrocutaneous fistula after tubularized incised plate repair for redo‐hypospadias and anterior urethral defects.MethodsThis pilot study included 28 patients (mean age 25.3 ± 11 years) with a history of previous failed hypospadia repair, who underwent tubularized incised plate urethroplasty in one session by the same surgical team from April 2016 to April 2019. After the reconstruction of a neourethra and proper hemostasis, a human amniotic membrane allograft – Grafting Scaffold – was used to cover the suture lines.ResultsThe mean follow‐up time was 13.3 ± 4.5 months. Two urethrocutaneous fistulas occurred within the first 2 weeks after the surgery, one of which was caused by the infection of the surgical site. No penile torsion, urethral diverticula, meatal stenosis or glans dehiscence was reported.ConclusionsAmniotic membrane graft provides an applicable, low‐cost, feasible, biodegradable and safe second cover in redo‐hypospadias repairs by tubularized incised plate technique. Its use is technically easy; it has satisfactory cosmetic outcomes and might decrease urethrocutaneous fistula formation.

5-14% of patients underwent surgery for benign prostate hyperplasia harboring prostate cancer (PCa) focus. The best management of incidental prostate cancer (iPCa) has been debated. The decision "treatment or no treatment" should be determined by predictors which accurately foretell PCa progression after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). The purpose of this study is to review the available data that can be useful in daily clinical judgment. Transrectal ultrasound prostate biopsy (TRUSBx) did not provide further Gleason score (GS) data in most patients diagnosed with iPCa. TRUSBX may be useful before active surveillance, but not in all following radical prostatectomy. The decision "treatment or no treatment" should be dependent on the expected chance of having residual cancer and clinical progression. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels before and after TURP are good predictors of residual cancer after TURP. Pathological report of T0 is most likely seen in patients with low PSA density after TURP and indistinguishable lesion on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. The decision "treatment vs no treatment" is judged by life expectancy, tumor characteristic in the pathology report of TURP sample and PSA level following TURP. Active surveillance should be contemplated in patients with iPCa who have both prostate-specific antigen density ≤0.08 after TURP and indistinguishable cancer lesion on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. Patients who do not meet the criteria for active surveillance are candidates for radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy (RT). Radical prostatectomy could be peacefully done after TURP with somewhat greater morbidity. RT in patients who had a history of TURP could be safely done and is associated with acceptable quality of life.

Results: MOT and SFR were significantly different in 500 Mm laser caliber (P = 0.046, P = 0.029, respectively). There was no remarkable difference between the three groups in this regard. Conclusion: Based upon our data, the clinical potency of the Ho: YAG laser was great in all three fiber calibers. The most important results of this comparison were the significantly higher SFR with increased laser caliber.

Introduction: Transurethral lithotripsy (TUL) is an appropriate treatment for ureteral stones and is usually used for stones in the middle and lower part of the ureter. Different devices such as the Holmium laser, the stone basket, and the stone cone exist to prevent any fragments from retropulsion during TUL. The present study aims to compare the advantages and disadvantages of the Holmium laser, the stone basket, and the stone cone. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted from September 2016 to January 2018 comparing various TUL methods in 88 subjects with proximal ureteral calculi. The study participants were divided into 4 matched groups. The first one included 20 patients undergoing TUL with no device (group 1), the second group included 22 patients undergoing TUL while using the stone retrieval basket, the third group included 18 patients undergoing TUL while utilizing the stone cone and the fourth group included 28 patients undergoing TUL while using the Hol-YAG laser. Results: A residual stone ≥3 mm was recorded in 15.9% of the patients. The stone free rate was seen in 100%, 90.9, 83.3%, and 55% of the Holmium laser group, the retrieval basket group, the stone cone group and the no device group respectively (P=0.001). The lowest rate of surgery complications including ureteral perforation, post-operative fever, and mucosal damage between the 4 groups (P=0.003) and the highest time of surgery (P=0.001) belonged to the laser group. If we want to ignore the laser group, the success rate for lithotripsy was better in both groups with a stone retrieval device compared to the no device group, but no advantage existed between the stone basket and the stone cone. Conclusion: We can safely conclude that lasers significantly help to prevent stone migration during TUL. If we want to ignore the laser group, the success rate for lithotripsy was significantly better in both groups with a stone retrieval device compared to the no device group, but no advantage existed between the stone basket and the stone cone.

Introduction: Recent investigations showed that anticholinergic drugs could use for the management of storage symptoms after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). The use of intravesical botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A) for the management of overactive bladder is rapidly increasing. In this research, we assess the efficacy of BTX-A vs solifenacin in men suffering from bladder outlet obstruction-over active bladder (BOO-OAB) managed with TURP. Methods: In this case-control study, 50 men with BOO-OAB randomized into two groups. The control group (A) underwent TURP and subsequently managed by solifenacin 5 mg daily, and the case group (B) underwent TURP and BTX-A injection in the bladder wall in the same session. Treatment success was the primary outcome and defined as post-injection improvement in the storage score of the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) from baseline. Results: The IPSS, post-void residual volume, frequency, incomplete emptying, nocturia and urgency subscores considerably ameliorated after 12 weeks and 36 weeks for both groups, but it was more significant in the case arm. The quality of life (QoL) scores significantly improved after the treatments in both groups. Intervention group showed significant reductions regarding urgency incontinence compared with the solifenacin group at 12th and 36th weeks. Conclusion: BTX-A is an effective and well-tolerated treatment in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) who are candidates of TURP and simultaneously suffer from OAB symptoms.