may not be possible to achieve, as virus replicates in the upper respiratory tract even in the presence of specific antibodies, similarly to other respiratory viruses. Because dromedary camels do not show severe clinical signs upon MERS-CoV infection, vaccination of dromedaries should primarily aim to reduce virus excretion to prevent virus spreading. Young dromedaries excrete more infectious MERS-CoV than adults (8, 15, 16), so young animals should be vaccinated first. Our results reveal that MVA-S vaccination of young dromedary camels may significantly reduce infectious MERS-CoV excreted from the nose. Two major advantages of the orthopoxvirus-based vector used in our study include its capacity to induce protective immunity in the presence of preexisting (e.g., maternal) antibodies (32) and the observation that MVA-specific antibodies cross-neutralize camelpox virus, revealing the potential dual use of this candidate MERS-CoV vaccine in dromedaries. Dromedary camels vaccinated with conventional vaccinia virus showed no clinical signs upon challenge with camelpox virus, whereas control animals developed typical symptoms of generalized camelpox (33). The MVA-S vectored vaccine may also be tested for protection of humans at risk, such as health care workers and people in regular contact with camels.

No abstract

This study evaluates the antimicrobial effects of ethanolic extract of five herbal plants; Guava (Psidium guajava ), Sage ( Salvia officinalis ), Rhamnus ( Ziziphusspina Christi ), Mulberry ( Morusalba L.), and Olive ( Oleaeuropaea L ) leaves against several microbial population representing Gram positive, Gram negative and Mollicutes; S. aureus, E. coli, Pasteurella multocida , B. cereus , Salmonella Enteritidis and M. gallisepticum using standard agar disc diffusion technique and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Different extracts reveal variable results against the microorganism under study. All extracts have no antibacterial potency for Mycoplasma gallisepticum except Psidium guajava . The results of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts against the six bacteria ranged from 625 to 5000 μg/ml. The used herbal extract could inhibit the selected microorganism under study with variable minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC).

Emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria has made the search for novel bioactive compounds from natural and unexplored habitats a necessity. have important bioactive substances. The present study investigated antimicrobial activity of isolated from soil samples of Egypt. One hundred samples were collected from agricultural farming soil of different governorates. Twelve isolates have produced activity against the tested microorganisms (, ,, ,, Typhi,, and). By VITEK 2 system version: 07.01 the 12 isolates were identified as ,, , and . Using ethyl acetate extraction method the isolates culture's supernatants were tested by diffusion method against indicator microorganisms. These results indicate that isolated from Egypt farms could be sources of antimicrobial bioactive substances.

Calf diarrhea is one of the major health challenges in cattle herds. The bacteriological examination of fecal samples collected from apparently healthy and diarrheic calves' revealed isolation of 26 E. coli isolates out of 56 calves with an incidence of 46.4%. Serogroups O1, O26, O44, O55, O115, O119, O125, O146, and O151 were identified from the collected fecal samples. Using PCR all isolates was positive for ompA gene species specific for E. coli . While stx 1 and eae A genes detected with incidence of 3.8 and 19.2% respectively from the isolates. The presence of stx 2 gene was negative in the fecal isolates. Among colostrum samples 4 E. coli isolates were detected and serogrouped to O26, O55 and O119. They were negative for eae A, stx 1 and stx 2 except strain number 4 (O55) was positive for stx 1. E. coli strains were sensitive to norfloxacin (80.7%) and resistant to ampicillin and cefotaxime (100% each). Based on our findings, there was no association between occurrence of E. coli and age of calf (2–14 days), while bottle feeding calf colostrum may be a source of E. coli contamination.