Introduction: Introduction The testicular arteries are liable to get injured during interventions around the renal pedicle. The present study aimed to record the anatomical variations in testicular arteries to assist surgeons and radiologists in avoiding unforeseen complications. Materials and Methods: a total of 25 formalin-embalmed adult cadavers were dissected, and the number, origin, relationships with the inferior vena cava and renal veins of the testicular arteries were recorded. The distance between the origins of the renal and testicular arteries from the abdominal aorta was measured, and the results were statistically analyzed. Results: out of 50 cadaveric sides, variations were observed in 14%. The most commonly observed variation was an arched testicular artery (10%). Double testicular arteries were observed in 4% of the sample, and testicular arteries with renal origin were observed in 6%. Most variations were right-sided (71.4%). The testicular artery originated at the second lumbar vertebral level in 94.2% of the sample. The mean distance between the origins of the testicular and renal arteries was 3.60 0.36 cm on the right, and 2.28 ± 0.92 cm on the left, and the difference between the two sides was statistically significant. Conclusion: the left testicular artery is closer to the renal pedicle, and is more likely to be at risk during surgeries in the hilar area. Cases with renal origin and arching of the testicular artery are also at a high risk. Compression of the testicular artery due to arching or retrocaval course could be a causative factor for the development of varicocele. The presence of such variations should be meticulously assessed using radiological imaging prior to interventions.

Introduction: Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder complicated with placental hypoxia and resistance. The hypoxia and hypertension can induce changes in the morphometric parameters of umbilical cord and its vessels that can further affect the blood flow to the fetus. Subjects and Methods: Umbilical cords were collected from new-borns of preeclamptic and normal mothers, length and diameter were measured. Further, cords were processed for histological examination. The diameter, luminal area and wall thickness of umbilical arteries were measured. Results: A shorter and narrower cord was observed in preeclampsia. The umbilical arteries in preeclamptic cases were dilated, whereas statistically significant changes were not observed in the thickness of wall. Conclusion: Dilated umbilical arteries would be an adaptation to the affected babies so as to ensure reduced resistance for fetal circulation.

The duodenum is the second most common site for diverticulum in the gastrointestinal tract after the colon. The extramural duodenal diverticula are common on the medial wall of second part of duodenum due to the opening of the hepatopancreatic duct. The incidence of duodenal diverticula on the lateral wall of the duodenum is only three percent. The present article reports an extramural diverticulum opening in the anterolateral wall of second part of duodenum proximal to the major duodenal papilla in an adult female cadaver. The diverticulum showed all the four layers of the duodenal wall on histological examination. The duodenal diverticula are usually asymptomatic, but if complications develop, the patient may present with non-specific abdominal symptoms, making the clinical diagnosis difficult. Because of this clinical significance, knowledge of such variations may be helpful for surgeons and gastroenterologists who deal with such cases.