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Development of unique nanoheterostructures consisting of indium oxide nanoclusters like species doped on the TiO2 nanocrystals surfaces with {101} and {001} exposed facets, resulted in unprecedented sacrificial hydrogen production (5.3 mmol h(-1) g(-1)) from water using methanol as a sacrificial agent, under visible light LED source and AM 1.5G solar simulator (10.3 mmol h(-1) g(-1)), which is the highest H2 production rate ever reported for titania based photocatalysts, without using any noble metal cocatalyst. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of the nanostructures reveals the presence of Ti-O-In and In-O-In like species on the surface of nanostructures. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) elemental mapping and EDX spectroscopy techniques combined with transmission electron microscope evidenced the existence of nanoheterostructures. XPS, EELS, EDX, and HAADF-STEM tools collectively suggest the presence of indium oxide nanoclusters like species on the surface of TiO2 nanostructures. These indium oxide nanocluster doped TiO2 (In2O3/T{001}) single crystals with {101} and {001} exposed facets exhibited 1.3 times higher visible light photocatalytic H2 production than indium oxide nanocluster doped TiO2 nanocrystals with only {101}facets (In2O3/T{101}) exposed. The remarkable photocatalytic activity of the obtained nanoheterostructures is attributed to the combined synergetic effect of indium oxide nanoclusters interacting with the titania surface, enhanced visible light response, high crystallinity, and unique structural features.

Activation of molecular O2 by metal or metal oxide nanoparticles is an area of recent research interest.

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Process intensification for hydroprocessing of vegetable oils was achieved using microchannel and monolithic reactors with lower diffusion lengths, thin layer of catalyst coating, high surfaceto-volume ratios and better heat/mass transfer. Use of such reactors results in improved reaction selectivities and throughput, with reliable utilization of catalysts. Laboratory scale microchannel and monolithic reactors were washcoated with sol-gel prepared Ni-Mo/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalyst. The catalyst was thoroughly characterized by various techniques. Activity tests were performed on the sulfided catalyst for the hydroprocessing of vegetable oil, a mass and heat transfer limited reaction. Both the reactors gave up to 20 times higher kerosene selectivities, up to 30 times higher isomer selectivities and at least 20 times higher throughput than the conventional tricklebed reactor. Undesirable oligomeric products yield, was 3-times lower in case of monolithic reactor than microchannel reactor.