Background:Treatment of the nosocomial infections is complicated especially in children due to an increase in the antibiotic-resistant bacteria.Objectives:The aim of this study was to survey the nosocomial infections in children and determine the antibiotic susceptibility of their causative organisms in teaching hospitals in the north of Iran.Patients and Methods:The investigation was designed as a retrospective cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of patients under 12 years old, which were hospitalized in three teaching hospitals in the north of Iran and had symptoms of nosocomial infections in 2012. The required data of patients were extracted and entered in the information forms. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS (ver. 16). Descriptive statistics and Fisher’s exact tests (Monte Carlo) were used.Results:Out of the total number of 34556 hospitalized patients in three teaching hospitals, 61 (0.17%) patients were children under 12 years old age with nosocomial infection from which 50.81% were girls and 49.18% were boys. Most of these patients (55.73%) were admitted to the burn unit. The most common type of nosocomial infection (49.18%) was wound infection. Pseudomonas spp. (36.84%) and Acinetobacter spp. (28.02%) were the most common bacteria isolated from the clinical specimens. All the Acinetobacter spp. were multidrug-resistant. All the gram negative and gram positive bacterial species in our study showed high resistance to antibiotics.Conclusions:The rate of nosocomial infections was low in our study because the detection of nosocomial infection was based on the clinical grounds in most cases and laboratory reports might contain false-negative results. These results provide useful information for future large scale surveillance in the context of prevention programs.

BACKGROUND:Eczema, allergic rhinitis and asthma are common chronic allergic disorders in childhood.AIM:The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of common allergic disorders among Iranian guidance schools students in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran.METHODS:This analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 3000 children aged 11-14 years old during 2012-13 according to ISAAC study. Of 3000 recruited children 1576 (52.54%) were female and 1424 (47.46%) were male. Data gathered by ISAAC first phase questionnaire analysed by SPSS software 20.RESULTS:The prevalence of wheezing, allergic rhinitis symptoms (sneezing and pruritus) and atopic dermatitis symptoms (pruritus skin lesion) were 30.5%, 30% and 15% respectively. History of pets contact and smoking was positive 6.6% and 36 % respectively. About 52% was born with caesarian section. There was wheezing in 32.5% during sport. The diagnosis of asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema were 12.2%, 28.5% and 15% respectively. Eczema, asthma and allergic rhinitis were significantly more common in boys students (p < 0.05).CONCLUSIONS:The results of this study showed that asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema have a high prevalence and they are more common in boys.

Context: Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are the leading cause of death and globally kill 1.2 million people every year and leave 20 -50 million people injured and disabled. In Iran, traffic related fatalities are the leading cause of death among all inadvertent fatal injuries imposed on children under five. Herein, authors review the epidemiological studies performed on vehicle accidents among Iranian children and adolescents to improve the knowledge about these preventable events. Evidence Acquisition: International databases including PubMed, Google scholar, science direct Cochrane library, and national data bases such as scientific information database (SID) were searched for terms; children, motor vehicle accident, road traffic injuries, Iran 2000 -2015. Publication in Persian or English language related to the subject including Iranian children and adolescent's age groups were included. Among the 312 articles, 11 (two abstracts and nine full texts) were selected. Nine full texts were reviewed. Results: From 22865 victims, about 3578 children and adolescents under 19 years old were identified. Males were more affected than females. Pedestrian injury with 43.66% was the most common case of road traffic injuries. Head trauma was the most common cause of injuries reported by eight of the reviewed articles. Most of the accidents occurred between 1:00 -6:00 PM. Most of RTIs occurred in summer. Care by emergency medical services (EMS) (29.14%) was reported by five out of the nine reviewed article. Conclusions: Most of the road traffic injuries among Iranian children and adolescents are preventable using appropriate preventive strategies such as safety facilities, safe vehicles, and safe traffic behavior, and establishing comprehensive public education programs for older children and their parents. ContextRoad traffic injuries (RTIs) are major causes of death and disability in adolescents and young adults worldwide. Globally, RTIs kill 1.2 million people every year and lead to 20 -50 million people injured and disabled. According to the report of united nations international children's emergency fund (UNICEF), road traffic injuries (RTIs) are the second leading cause of death for young people aged 5 -25 years. Based on this report, among all unintentional fatal injuries imposed on Iranian children under five, RTI fatalities are the leading cause of death (1, 2). Causes of RTIs are multi factorial including people, vehicle and road environmental factors. According to the reports of some studies, human factors have the most important effect on RTIs. Other influencing factors include driver behavior, speed, and violation of traffic regulations, poor driving skills, decentralization, fatigue and physical disabilities (3, 4). RTIs also impact on the economy of the developing countries. The costs of RTIs, among all external causes of morbidity and mortality, represent one of the highest financial burdens to health care systems of the developing countries including Iran (2, 5). It is estimated that traffic fataliti...

Introduction: Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis (AGEP) is a cutaneous reaction that may appear after using certain medications, such as cephalexin. This disease is characterized by non-follicular sterile pustules, erythematous, urticaria, fever over , and leukocytosis. Cephalexin belongs to the family of β-lactam antibiotics, which are widely used to treat infections. However, cephalexin skin sensitivities have been reported rarely. Herein, in this case, we aimed to report a patient presented with AGEP due to cephalexin usage. Case Presentation: A 12-year-old boy presented with warm skin lesions that gradually appeared on the limbs, trunk, face, and neck after using cephalexin powder on his left leg injury. Because of his symptoms, acetaminophen, fexofenadine hydrochloride, loxoprofen sodium, and ointment, including difluprednate and hydrocortisone, were prescribed. Over time, the patient’s fever subsided, and 8 days later, the symptoms of AGEP, including urticaria, erythematous, and pustules in the neck and trunk, disappeared. Conclusions: Cephalexin is one of the antibiotics that doctors and patients consider when there is a possibility of infection. AGEP is a rare but severe reaction that can manifest as skin rashes in any age and sex following the use of cephalexin, so the patient should be careful when using this antibiotic.