Formal verification approaches that check software correctness against formal specifications have been shown to improve program dependability. Tools such as Specification Pattern System (SPS) and Property Specification (Prospec) support the generation of formal specifications. SPS has defined a set of patterns (common recurring properties) and scopes (system states over which a pattern must hold) that allows a user to generate formal specifications by using direct substitution of propositions into parameters of selected patterns and scopes. Prospec extended SPS to support the definition of patterns and scopes that include the ability to specify parameters with multiple propositions (referred to as composite propositions or CPs), allowing the specification of sequential and concurrent behavior. Prospec generates formal specifications in Future Interval Logic (FIL) using direct substitution of CPs into pattern and scope parameters. While substitution works trivially for FIL, it does not work for Linear Temporal Logic (LTL), a highly expressive language that supports specification of software properties such as safety and liveness. LTL is important because of its use in the model checker Spin, the ACM 2001 system Software Award winning tool, and NuSMV. This paper introduces abstract LTL templates to support automated generation of LTL formulas for complex properties in Prospec. In addition, it presents formal proofs and testing to demonstrate that the templates indeed generate the intended LTL formulas.
The Property Specification (Prospec) tool uses patterns and scopes defined by Dwyer et al., to generate formal specifications in Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) and other languages. The work presented in this paper provides improved LTL specifications for patterns and scopes over those originally provided by Prospec. This improvement comes in the efficiency of the LTL formulas as measured in terms of the number of states in the Büchi automaton generated for the formula. Minimizing the size of the Büchi automata for an LTL specification provides a significant improvement for model checking software systems using such tools as the highly acclaimed Spin model checker.
PendahuluanIkan lele (Clarias sp.) merupakan komoditas perikanan air tawar yang banyak dibudidayakan di Indonesia dan banyak digemari oleh konsumen. Permintaan pasar akan ikan lele semakin hari semakin meningkat, sehingga mendorong pembudidaya untuk melakukan produksi lebih tinggi, untuk AbstrakDalam usaha budidaya ikan, pakan merupakan salah satu faktor yang menentukan keberhasilan dalam budidaya. Selain itu pakan juga memberikan kontribusi yang besar terhadap biaya mencapai 60-70% dari biaya produksi. Berdasarkan hal tersebut perlu dilakukan teknik untuk meningkatkan kadar protein dari pakan, salah satunya dengan cara fermentasi. Selanjutnya limbah dari pakan juga merupakan suatu kendala dalam usaha budidaya. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut perlu dilakukan terobosan dalam sistem budidaya, salah satunya dengan menggunakan system bioflok dengan memanfaatkan bakteri heterotrofik. Selain memperbaiki kualitas air, bioflok juga menyediakan pakan secara insitu, sehingga mampu mengurangi biaya pakan dengan meningkatkan nilai efesiensi pakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis aplikasi pakan berprotein terfermentasi terhadap pertumbuhan dan konversi pakan ikan lele (Clarias sp.) menggunakan sistem bioflok. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan ditempat pembudidayaan lele di desa mesjid punteut dengan menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan mengaplikasikan 3 perlakuan dan 3 kali ulangan sehingga diperoleh 9 satuan percobaan. Parameter yang diamati dalam penelitian ini meliputi laju pertumbuhan ikan, kelangsungan hidup dan efesiensi pakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian probiotik pada pakan memberikan hasil terbaik terhadap laju pertumbuhan ikan 4.95%, tingkat kelangsungan hidup 97.77% dan efesiensi pakan 98.86%. AbstractIn aquaculture, fish feed is one of the factors that determine success in aquaculture. Besides, the feed also contributes significantly to costs reaching 60-70% of production costs. Based on this, it is necessary to use techniques to increase the protein of the feed; one of them is by fermentation. In addition, waste from the feed is also a problem in the aquaculture business. To overcome these problems, it is necessary to make a breakthrough in the aquaculture system, one of these is using a biofloc system by utilizing heterotrophic bacteria. Besides improving water quality, biofloc also provides in situ feed, so it would reduce feed costs by increasing the value of feed efficiency. This study aims to analyze the application of fermented protein feed on growth and feed conversion of catfish (Clarias sp.) using the biofloc system. This research was carried out in the catfish culture at punteut mosque village using the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method by applying three treatments and three replications to obtain nine experimental units. Parameters observed in this study include fish growth rate, survival and feed efficiency. The results showed that the administration of probiotics in feed gives the best results on fish growth rate of 4.95%, survival rate of 97.77%...
<span>Based on the problems obtained, the ability of students to master the subjects of research statistics is still categorized as low until this causes them to be weak in completing their final assignments. Therefore, the researchers investigated how students' mastery of the research statistical concepts and their learning motivation using learning innovations, one of which was Problem Based Learning (PBL). This research was conducted at the Islamic Education School (PGMI) Islamic State Teacher Education Institute (IAIN) Bengkulu where the sample used was semester 8<sup>th</sup> students. The research method was quantitative with a sample of 145. The research instrument was using a motivation questionnaire and multiple choice questions. The results will then be analyzed using simple regression analysis which will be presented in the form of a data table.</span>
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