Abstract-In the school setting, anxiety is often experienced by students when the students are evaluated, such as when they are taking a test or giving a public performance. When test anxiety is harsh, it can have outstanding negative effects on a student's ability to carry on at an optimum level. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of socio-affective strategies on male and female high school students' test anxiety across different genders. The participants of the study were 100 EFL Iranian students, including 56 male and 44 female, aged 15-16. The students were selected randomly and divided into four groups. The experimental groups consisted of one male class and one female class. Likewise, the control groups included one male class and one female class. In experimental groups, the teacher used socio-affective strategies; however, in control groups, no socio-affective strategies were used. The results of the ANCOVA statistical analysis indicated that there is a significant difference between experimental and control groups in terms of level of anxiety. Another finding of the study revealed that the difference between test anxiety of male and female was significant. The results of this study might be of interest for practitioners, especially, material developers and teachers in terms of various input-oriented tasks enriched by socio-affective strategy-based tasks to increase learners' autonomy and lower their test anxiety.
Hedges are words whose job is to make things fuzzier or less fuzzy. Truth and falsity are a matter of degree, and hedges make natural language sentences more/less true or more/less false. The purpose of the study is to investigate hedging devices in Kurdish spoken language. The aim is to know how hedging devices are used in Kurdish spoken discourse. Also the researchers are willing to know whether Kurdish speakers use hedging devices to indicate a lack of complete commitment to the truth of the proposition, and a desire not to express the commitment categorically, or to lessen the impact of an utterance. The data needed for the study was collected through observation, tape recording, and interviews. The dialogues of 35 people were recorded by the researchers as well as the researchers have interviewed with 21 people from different social classes.15 classes and meetings which Kurdish language was the means of communication were observed. The research showed that hedging as a mitigating device is extensively employed in different conversations. The study shows that hedging devices have the same roles in Kurdish as they have in English. They are used to reduce the certainty and sureness of the utterances. It indicates that some pragmatic devices modify the epistemic strength of the statement in Kurdish language just as they do in English and Arabic.
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