Financial inclusion has become the focus of economic policymaking worldwide. Increasing the accessibility of the weaker group of the society to formal financial services would not only serve at the individual level but will also benefit at the national level. This study aims to initially construct a new financial inclusion index for 43 developing countries based on a multidimensional approach, using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), using three dimensions; access to, usage of, and quality of financial services. Secondly, a dynamic two-step system, Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), is applied to empirically assess the impact of financial inclusion on the unemployment rate of 35 developing countries for the sample period from 2009 to 2018. The study established that financial inclusion has an impact on decreasing the unemployment rate in developing countries. The empirical findings suggest that an increase in the level of financial inclusion in developing countries decreases their unemployment rate. Moreover, the level of education, inflation rate, and economic growth have a significant negative impact on the unemployment rate. On the other hand, panel Granger Causality test was employed and indicated that there is a bi-directional causality between financial inclusion and unemployment rate.

Many developments had occurred in the global economy. Among these developments is the increase of capital flows across countries. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is considered to be one of the cross border capital flows that countries use in order to enhance their economic growth. This study focuses on how FDI impacts the economic growth of Egypt for a period from 1980 to 2018. The study applies Johansen co-integration, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and Ganger causality in the methodology. Johansen co-integration results show that a long run relationship exists among the variables. In addition, VECM shows that FDI exerts a positive significant impact on the economic growth of Egypt. Finally, a bidirectional causality between FDI and the economic growth of Egypt is shown by Granger causality.

Interest in promoting financial inclusion has increased dramatically in recent years all over the world. The aim of this study is to empirically assess the impact of financial inclusion on the inflation rate in 37 developing countries for a period of 10 years from 2009 to 2018. Initially, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been utilized to construct a new multidimensional Financial Inclusion Index (FII) using three dimensions; access, usage, and quality of financial services. Next, 2 step system, Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) was applied to assess the impact of financial inclusion on the inflation rate empirically. The study established that an increased level of financial inclusion has an impact on decreasing the inflation rate in developing countries. It was also found that interest r and official reserves have a significant positive impact on inflation rate. These findings recommend that the policymakers in developing countries should consider financial inclusion as a tool for decreasing the inflation rate and accordingly boost the level of financial inclusion in their countries. Broadening financial inclusion to the informal sector and the rural areas could help in promoting the status of financial inclusion in developing countries.

The effectiveness of conventional accounting methods used for firm financial performance measurement and analysis has been criticized. Theorists started to put forward modern financial performance measures although their significance is still under examination by the researchers. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the impact of three contemporary economic based measures; economic value added (EVA), refined economic value added (REVA) and economic value added momentum (EVA Momentum) on firm financial performance in addition to finding out the economic value added based measure with the highest explanatory power relevant to firm financial performance via conducting relative and incremental information content analyses. Data were collected for companies listed in the Egyptian Stock Exchange over the period 2010-2019 excluding the financial sector. Generalized Least Squares (GLS) regression is conducted using the statistical package of EViews-version 10. The results showed significant impact of all the economic value added measures on firm financial performance. In addition, it was found that REVA could be considered as the most effective economic measure in improving and explaining the financial performance.

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