Abestract: A survey results showed the presence of 15 Nematode genera associated with soil and roots of trees Yemeni coffee (the Round Cultivar) in eleven locations in BaniMattar Directorate of Sana'a. Where the most genera (14 genera) were appeared in Aloshah site (47 samples) and least onegenus was Helicotylen-chus sp. in Dia'atMane'a site (3 samples) with an average of density 1080 nematodes / kg soil and the frequency of occurrence (FO) rate 0.3%, despite the small number of samples. The root knot nematode Meloidogyne sp. was appeared in two locations Aloshah (47 samples) and Alkayyat (10 samples) with density 23.8 and 23.6 Larvae / kg soil and the rate of FO rate 0.04 and 0.1%, respectively, but not gall-ing observed on roots. The Lesion nematode Pratylenchus sp. was Presented in Alacolh site (7 samples), Alakmh site (2 samples) and Alsolpin site (4 samples) with density 80, 1300, 244 and 186 nematodes / kg soil and the FO rate 0.3, 0.09, 0.5 and 0.5%, respectively. While stunt nematode Tylenchorhynchus sp. was found in eight sites and density ranged between 40 and 1360 nematodes / kg soil and the FO rate between 0.14 and 0.5%. In general the results showed that presence 15 nematode genera associated with the soil and the roots of the coffee trees in BaniMattar Directorate of Sana'a. The lesion nematode Pratylenchus sp. was prevalent with density rate in the total samples studied 628.9 nematodes/ kg soil, FO rate 0.093% and the appearance value (PV) 19.21, followed by genus Tylenchus sp. with density 277.2 nematode/kg soil, FO rate 0.38% and PV 17.09. The anther nematode genera were density rate between 123.6 and 1.2 nematode / kg soil, FO ranged between 0.009 and 0.24% and the PV ranged between 0.012 and 7.593.

Background Intestinal microsporidiosis is an opportunistic infection associated with persistent diarrhea among HIV/AIDS patients. In Yemen, however, its epidemiology is unknown. Therefore, this study determined its prevalence and predictors among HIV/AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Sana’a city, the capital of Yemen. Methods This cross-sectional study included 402 patients receiving ART at Al-Jomhori Educational Hospital in Sana’a from November 2019 to December 2020. Data about demographics, clinical characteristics and risk factors were collected using a pre-designed questionnaire. Stool samples were collected and examined for microsporidian spores using the Gram-chromotrope Kinyoun staining. Blood samples were also collected and used for CD4 cell counting by flow cytometry. Univariate analysis was used to test the association of patients’ characteristics and risk factors with intestinal microsporidiosis. Multivariable logistic regression was then used to identify the independent predictors of infection. Statistical significance was considered at P-values < 0.05. Results Intestinal microsporidiosis was prevalent among 14.2% (57/402) of HIV/AIDS patients and was significantly associated with diarrhea (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.7–6.6; P = 0.001). The significant independent predictors of infection were < 200 CD4 cells/µl (AOR 3.2, 95% CI 1.5–6.9; P = 0.003), not washing hands after contacting soil (AOR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1–5.4; P = 0.026) and before eating (AOR 3.1, 95% CI 1.5–6.4; P = 0.003), eating unwashed raw produce (AOR 2.5, 95% CI 1.2–5.3; P = 0.017) and absence of indoor latrines (AOR 6.2, 95% CI 1.5–25.9; P = 0.012). Conclusions The prevalence of intestinal microsporidiosis among HIV/AIDS patients in Sana'a is high and comparable to that reported from several other countries, being prevalent among approximately 14.0% of patients and significantly associated with diarrhea. It could be predicted among patients who have < 200 CD4 cells/µl, have poor hand hygiene after contacting soil and before eating, usually eat unwashed raw produce, or do not possess indoor latrines. Large-scale studies on its epidemiology and predictors among HIV/AIDS patients across the country are warranted.

Background: Intestinal microsporidiosis is an opportunistic infection associated with persistent diarrhea among HIV/AIDS patients. In Yemen, however, its epidemiology is unknown. Therefore, this study determined its prevalence and predictors among HIV/AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Sana'a city, Yemen.Methods: This cross-sectional study included 402 patients receiving ART at Al-Jomhori Educational Hospital in Sana'a from November 2019 to December 2020. Data about demographics, clinical characteristics and risk factors were collected using a pre-designed questionnaire. Stool samples were collected and examined for microsporidian spores using the Gram-chromotrope Kinyoun staining. Blood samples were also collected and used for CD4 cell counting by flow cytometry. Univariate analysis was used to test the association of patients’ characteristics and risk factors with intestinal microsporidiosis. Multivariable logistic regression was then used to identify the independent predictors of infection. Statistical significance was considered at P-values <0.05. Results: Intestinal microsporidiosis was prevalent among 14.2% (57/402) of HIV/AIDS patients but was not significantly associated with any of the studied demographics, source of drinking water, bathing and/or swimming outdoors, contact with soil, presence of domestic animals or indiscriminate defecation. However, it was significantly associated with diarrhea (OR=3.4, 95% CI: 1.7–6.6; P=0.001) and <200 CD4 cells/µl (OR=2.7, 95% CI: 1.5–5.0; P=0.001). The significant independent predictors of infection were <200 CD4 cells/µl (AOR=3.2, 95% CI: 1.5–6.9; P=0.003), not washing hands after contacting soil (AOR=2.5, 95% CI: 1.1–5.4; P=0.026) and before eating (AOR=3.1, 95% CI: 1.5–6.4; P=0.003), eating unwashed raw produce (AOR=2.5, 95% CI: 1.2–5.3; P=0.017) and absence of indoor latrines (AOR=6.2, 95% CI: 1.5–25.9; P=0.012).Conclusions: The prevalence of intestinal microsporidiosis among HIV/AIDS patients in Sana'a is high and comparable to that several other countries, being prevalent among approximately 14.0% of patients and significantly associated with diarrhea. It could be predicted among patients who have <200 CD4 cells/µl, poor hand hygiene after contacting soil and before eating, usually eat unwashed raw produce and do not possess indoor latrines. Large-scale studies on its epidemiology and predictors among HIV/AIDS patients across the country are warranted.

Few studies have been conducted on risk factors and seasonality for cryptosporidiosis from developing countries. The current study was conducted to determine prevalence, risk factors and seasonality for cryptosporidiosis among children in Sana'a city, Yemen. Using cross-sectional approach, a sample of 1253 diarrheic children aged 6-