Scheme depicting the synthesis and the fabrication of rGO–MoS2 nanocomposite-based enzymatic biosensor for estimation of hydroquinone.

In this work, efforts have been made to develop a conducting paper‐ (CP) based biosensor using poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(4‐styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)‐grafted reduced graphene oxide‐titanium dioxide (rGO‐TiO2) nanohybrid. The effect of different dopant (ethylene glycol [EG], glycerine and methanol) on the conductivity of the paper has been investigated, and it was observed that the conductivity of the CP significantly increases from 6.9 × 10−5 S/cm to 1.1 × 10−4 S/cm on treatment with EG. While, after the incorporation rGO‐TiO2 nanohybrid into PEDOT:PSS‐grafted paper, the conductivity increased to 4.9 × 10−2 S/cm. The fabricated flexible rGO‐TiO2@CP was characterized using X‐ray diffraction, Thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and amperometric techniques. The developed rGO‐TiO2@CP has been utilized for the immobilization of glucose oxidase for the quantitative estimation of glucose. Electrochemical results reveal that the modified CP shows high sensitivity (94.98 μAmM−1 cm−2) with a low limit of detection (0.01 mM) and can be a promising substitute over other expensive conventional electrodes.

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Phenolic compounds (PhCs) are ubiquitously distributed phytochemicals found in many plants, body fluids, food items, medicines, pesticides, dyes, etc. Many PhCs are priority pollutants that are highly toxic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic. Some of these are present in body fluids and affect metabolism, while others possess numerous bioactive properties such as retaining antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in plants and food products. Therefore, there is an urgency for developing an effective, rapid, sensitive, and reliable tool for the analysis of these PhCs to address their environmental and health concern. In this context, carbonaceous nanomaterials have emerged as a promising material for the fabrication of electrochemical biosensors as they provide remarkable characteristics such as lightweight, high surface: volume, excellent conductivity, extraordinary tensile strength, and biocompatibility. This review outlines the current status of the applications of carbonaceous nanomaterials (CNTs, graphene, etc.) based enzymatic electrochemical biosensors for the detection of PhCs. Efforts have also been made to discuss the mechanism of action of the laccase enzyme for the detection of PhCs. The limitations, advanced emerging carbon-based material, current state of artificial intelligence in PhCs detection, and future scopes have also been summarized.

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