The synthesis of heat shock proteins (hsps) at normal physiological and elevated temperatures has been correlated with the natural adaptation of an organism to heat in nine lizard species studied. These species differ drastically by their adaptation to elevated temperature and represent a spectrum of forms isolated from various geographical regions of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The synthesis of hsps belonging to the hsp7O family and their correspondent mRNAs have been compared at different temperature regimes. This analysis has shown that lizards inhabiting the Middle Asia deserts are characterized by a higher content of hsp7O-like proteins at normal physiological temperatures (2-to 5-fold differences) when compared with the forms from central and northern regions of the European part of the Union of Soviet Socialistic Republics. Analysis of hsp7O mRNA at different temperatures substantiated these observations, showing evident correlation between adaptation of a given form to hyperthermia and the quantity of hsp7O mRNA in the cells under non-heat-shock conditions. The results obtained with a wide spectrum of ecologically different lizard species, coupled with other relevant data, enable us to propose a general rule applicable to poikilothermic organisms. This rule postulates the direct correlation between the characteristic temperature of the ecological niche of a given species and the amount of hsp7O-like proteins in the cells at normal temperature.Heat or other environmental stresses have been shown to induce the synthesis of a family of proteins, the so-called heat shock proteins (hsps), in a wide variety of cells from yeast to mammalian systems (for reviews, see refs. 1-3). Recent work has focused on the role of hsps in the assembly, folding, and transport of other cellular proteins under different conditions. The level of these special activities of hsps, often termed "chaperonins", depends on the state of the general translational machinery of the cell (4-6). One of the more interesting aspects of thermal biology in different systems is the interrelation between the induction of hsp synthesis and the development of thermoresistance. Hsps are thought to protect cells from the toxic effects of short-term environmental stress (1-3). However, although much information about the structure of hsps and their cellular function has been accumulated, almost all these data were obtained by studying culture cells or isolated organs and tissues. Only scattered facts concern the role of hsps in providing wholebody adaptation to the close species inhabiting ecological niches with strikingly different temperature regimes (7)(8)(9)(10).Our studies focus on the heat shock response in nine lizard species that inhabit different environments and exhibit various levels ofthermoresistance. We found a direct correlation between the level of thermoresistance of a species and both the quantity of hsps belonging to the hsp70 family and the correspondent mRNA in the cells at normal physiological temperature. MAT...
The northern slopes of Kopetdagh are inhabited by 45 species ofreptiles (three species of turtles, 18 spp. of lizards, and 24 spp. of snakes), which corresponds to 57% of the Turkmenistan reptile fauna (79 species). Of these, East Kopetdagh has 30; Central Kopetdagh, 36; Southwest Kopetdagh, 36; and Northwest Kopetdagh, 23 species. Seventeen species ofreptiles are found from the foothills to upper altitudinal belts, whereas 23 species are found also in the submontane lowlands. Lower mountain belt (from 100 to 1,000 m) has 22 species (48.8%) of reptiles, middle mountain belt (from 1,000 to 2,000 m) has 14 species (31.1%), and upper mountain belt (from 2,000 to 2,500 m) has 9 species (20.0%). Only four species are highly abundant (more than 10 animals/ha); 15 species are common (from 1 to 10 animals/ha); and 26 species are rare (less than 1 animallha). Thirty-nine species are oviparous, and six are ovoviviparous. Ten biological groups are separated: mountain species with extended life cycle, and lowland ones with short life cycle; species with extended life cycle have more diverse reproductive strategies. Eight zoogeographic groups are separated: Irano-Afghanian (21 species), Turanian (7 spp.), Indian (5 spp.), Mediterranean (4 spp.), Saharo-Sindian (4 spp.), Caucasian-Anatolian (2 spp.), European (2 spp.), and East Palaearctic (1 sp.). The Kopetdagh endemics include lizards Eublepharis turcmenicus and Eremias strauchi kopetdaghica, and snakes Eryx elegans, Coluber atayevi, and Eirenis meda.
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