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AH failed to show significant benefits in all three patient groups. A larger study group may confirm the effects of AH on frozen/thawed embryos and outcomes for multiple failure cases.

Epididymal spermatozoa from obstructive azoospermic patients had an elevated sex chromosome aneuploidy and diploidy rate. The increased frequency of chromosomal abnormalities did not have a direct effect on the ICSI outcome.

The presence of epididymal distension in obstructive azoospermic men was predictive of PESA success.