Current restrictions on clinical visits as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the need for home-based exercise regimes to facilitate useful, long term patterns of behaviour in individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD). This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a 10-week home-based exercise program designed to target improvements in axial rigidity and gait. The Movement Disorders Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS), motor scale and rigidity items, Functional axial rotation–physical (FAR-p), functional reach test (FRT), and time up and go (TUG) test were recorded. In addition, the 10-metre walk test, the fall efficacy scale international (FES-I) and the global rating of change score (GROC) were also recorded. Eighteen individuals were divided randomly into two groups: a home-based exercise group (n = 10) and a traditional physiotherapy control group (n = 8). Participants in the 10-week home-based exercise group showed significant improvements (p < 0.05) in the MDS-UPDRS rigidity item, FAR-p, step length, gait velocity, FRT and FES-I when compared with the control group. This study supports the use of home-based exercises in individuals with PD. These preliminary results also support the hypothesis that targeting axial deficits may be an effective approach for improving gait and reducing falls.
the study aimed to compare the effects of combined action observation and motor imagery (AOMI) and motor imagery (MI)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) training on upper limb recovery, cortical excitation, and cognitive task performance in chronic stroke patients. 17 chronic stroke patients were recruited and randomly assigned to AOMI-based BCI (n = 9) and MI-based BCI groups (n = 8). The AOMIbased BCI group received AOMI-based BCI training via functional electrical stimulation (FES) feedback, whereas the MI-based BCI group obtained MI-based BCI training via FES feedback. Both groups participated in training for 12 sessions (3 days/week, consecutive four weeks). To evaluate upper limb function recovery, the Fugl-Meyer Assessment for upper extremity (FMA-UE) was employed. Event-related desynchronization (ERD) and online classification accuracy were utilized to measure cortical excitation of the affected sensorimotor hand region and cognitive task performance, respectively. Both AOMI and MI-based BCI training improved upper limb function in chronic stroke patients. However, the AOMI-based BCI group showed significantly greater motor gain than the MI-based BCI group. In addition, the AOMI-based BCI group demonstrated significantly greater cortical excitation of the affected sensorimotor hand region and cognitive task performance. The correlation analysis revealed that higher cognitive task performance during AOMI-based BCI training may promote greater cortical excitation of the affected sensorimotor hand region, which contributes to greater upper limb function improvement compared to MI-based BCI training.
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