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Background: Toxoplasmosis is a universal zoonotic disease approximately 30-50% of the individuals throughout the world have antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women of Peshawar. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2017 to December 2017. A total of 94 pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics were enrolled and screened for IgG and IgM antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii using the ICT technique. Results: Of the 94 pregnant women, 20 (21.3%) have either IgG or IgM antibodies detected against Toxoplasma gondii. Overall, positivity rate of IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii was 14.9% while positivity rate of IgM antibodies was 6.3% in pregnant females. Highest sero-positivity was observed in elder age pregnant females with 8.51% in age age group 43-53 years. Conclusion: It is concluded that about one-fifth of the pregnant women in the present study were infected with Toxoplasma gondii parasites so the preventive method should be considered. Keywords: Toxoplasmosis, prevalence, pregnant women.

Background: Vitamin D concentrations often change with season, latitude, ethinicity, and diet composition. Proportion of the apparently healthy population may suffer from hypovitaminosis D. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence and importance of vitamin D insufficiency, as well as the risk factors associated with it, in seemingly healthy persons. Materials and Methods: This was a survey-type research that took place between December 2013 and February 2014. Following their agreement, 100 people completed a questionnaire requesting demographics and clinical features of hypovitaminosis D. The vitamin D levels of 50 people were evaluated in the Excel Labs and Islamabad Diagnostic Center, Islamabad, Pakistan. Results: Data from 100 people was gathered. 25% are men and 75% are women. Questionaires were used to obtain information on their demographics, height, and weight. The threshold values for Vitamin D were 20 ng/mL inadequate, 21-29 ng/mL insufficient, and >30 ng/mL sufficient. It was discovered in 80% of the females and 71% of the men tested. Only 8% of those lacking in Vit. D had symptoms, whereas 92% had none. Conclusion: In conclusion, vitamin D insufficiency was widespread in our population. It is highly important to aware the health practitioners about the intervention techniques to rectify hypovitaminosis D. Keywords: Vitamin D, prevalence, NIH

Bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the utmost prevailing bacterial diseases that affect both sexes at different ages. Due to emerging multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria, it is necessary to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the bacterial agents to improve the empirical treatment. In this study, we collected a total of 142 urine samples from infected individuals of both sexes at Al-khidmat diagnostics and blood bank from January to March 2022. Different antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the bacterial isolates were examined by using the disk diffusion method. The UTI was reported in 21 (15 %) males and 119 (85 %) females. the highest number of positive individuals are found in middle and old age groups respectively 40 % and 44 %. While 96 % of uropathogens are gram-positive and only 3 % of cases were caused by gram-negative bacteria. The most prevalent pathogen was E.coli 62 % and followed by Staphylococcus Aureus 12 %.In study showed that E.coli is 62 % amoxicillin, Cefuroxime 23, Cefixime 48 %, Norfloxacin 24, Penicillins 37 % , Ciprofloxacin 24 %, Gentamycin 8 %, Ceftriaxone 20 %, and Levofloxacin 4 % resistant. The current study concluded that antibiotic resistance among urinary pathogens was raised, and significant variance in antibiotic susceptibility patterns was identified. UTIs can be treated with medicines such as Levofloxacin, Gentamycin, Teicoplanin, and Moxifloxacin. This study's findings indicate that future research should focus on the causes of resistance to identify solutions to this crucial problem, as well as on the use of health education to prevent drug usage. Keywords: Uropathogens, Antibiotics, Urinary tract infection, UTI, MDR

Aim: To observe the visual field changes in normal tension glaucoma Study design: Cross sectional study Study site: Department of Physiology, Khyber Medical College, Peshawar Study period: six months Sample size: 100 cases were included who fulfil the criteria. Results: There were 33(33%) males and 67(67%) females in the study. Visual fields of eyes were investigated. It was revealed that in cases with the right eye problem, 67(67%) had paracentral scotoma, 27(27%) had superior & inferior nasal steps, 1(1%) had scotoma closer to fixation and 5(5%) had arcuate scotoma, while in the left eye cases, 67(67%) had paracentral scotoma, 30 (30%) had superior & inferior nasal steps, 1(1%) had scotoma closer to fixation and 2(2%) had arcuate scotoma. Conclusion: Visual fields of eyes revealed that in cases with the right eye problem, 67(67%) had paracentral scotoma, 27(27%) had superior & inferior nasal steps, 1(1%) had scotoma closer to fixation and 5(5%) had arcuate scotoma, while in the left eye cases, 67(67%) had paracentral scotoma, 30(30%) had superior & inferior nasal steps, 1 (1%) had scotoma closer to fixation and 2(2%) had arcuate scotoma. Keywords: Visual field, open angle glaucoma, normal tension glaucoma

Aim: Prevalence of Open angle glaucoma with normal intraocular pressure in Peshawar Methodology: It is a cross sectional study. It is done at Physiology Department, Khyber Medical College, Peshawar in collaboration with Ophthalmology deptt. Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar Study period: six months Sample size: 394 cases attended the department of Ophthalmology, Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar. Out of 394 patients, 100 patients were included in this study. Results: There were 33(33%) males and 67(67%) females in the study. There were 27(27%) patients lying in the age range of 35-45 years, 46(46%) were in 46-55 years and 27 (27%) patients of 56-65 years. The mean age of patients was 51.21±8.12. All patients were with normal tension glaucoma. There were 29(29%) cases who had a positive family history of glaucoma. The “mean IOP” of the eye on the right side was 17.15±1.78mmHg and the “mean IOP” of the eye on the left side was 17.30±1.94mmHg. Conclusion: Prevalence of normal tension glaucoma (NTG) was 25.4% in Peshawar and its surroundings. Most of the patients were elderly females and 29 (29%) cases had a positive family history of glaucoma. Keywords: Open angle glaucoma, normal tension glaucoma, prevalence

Introduction: Diabetic neuropathy is the main cause of neuropathy and major complications of diabetes mellitus throughout the world. This may lead to incapacity and amputations due to severe diabetes. The morbidity and mortality rates increase in diabetes due to severe neuropathy. The present study was aimed to determine the prevalence of diabetic diabetic neuropathy in diabetic mellitys type II affected patients. Materials and Methods: This research took place in Peshawar from September 2019 to January 2020. A total of 205 blood samples were collected from diabetic patients with type II diabetes, both neuropathic (n=105) and non-neuropathic (n=100). Blood samples were taken in order to estimate random blood sugar levels (RBS). Results: The age group 50-55 years had the highest percentage of cases (66.8%), followed by 56-60 years (21.5%), and 61-65 years (5.5%). Female patients were more likely than male patients to have diabetes, both neuropathic (62.9 percent) and non-neuropathic (58 percent). The predominance of neuropathic and non-neuropathic diabetes patients involved in this study because it was undertaken in Peshawar.(50.2 percent). Conclusion: It is concluded that female were more prone to diabetes both with neuropathy and without neuropathy. Keywords: Prevalence, Diabetes, Neuropathy, Diabetic mellitus type II,

Aim: To determine the ophthalmoscopic findings of normal tension glaucoma. Study design: This is a cross sectional study Study site: Department of Physiology, Khyber Medical College, Peshawar. Study period: six months Sample size: One hundred cases were selected. Results: In this study, 33(33%) males and 67(67%) females. On direct ophthalmoscopy, in right eye glaucoma, there were 93(93%) cases with cupped discs, while 7(7%) had gross cupping of the discs. In left eye glaucoma, there were 98(98%) cases who had cupped discs, while 2(2%) had gross cupping of the discs. Conclusion: On direct ophthalmoscopy, there were 93(93%) cases who had cupped discs in right eye glaucoma. Keywords: Ophthalmoscope examination, open angle glaucoma, normal tension glaucoma