Background: Anaemia is currently one of the most common and intractable nutritional problems globally. During the period of adolescence, iron requirements increase dramatically in both boys and girls resulting in a higher probability of anaemia. The objective of the study was done to find out the prevalence of anaemia among adolescent boys and girls in Ambalapuzha Taluk and to assess the scholastic performance of the anaemic and non-anaemic in the study group. Methods: The setting was different schools of Ambalapuzha Taluk and the study was cross sectional in nature. Study subjects were children studying in 5th -10th standards selected from aided, unaided and government schools. The total sample size of the study was 2789 subjects. Statistical analysis: Data was entered in Microsoft excel and was analysed using SPSS 16.0 versionResults: The prevalence of anaemia in the whole population was 53.5% (C.I-51.64-55.34%). The anaemia prevalence in females was 62.0% (C.I -59.33-64.6) and in males was 46.1% (C.I -43.55-48.61). Out of the total population 0.4% were severely anaemic [male 0.3% (5) and female 0.5% (6)]. The prevalence of moderate anaemia was 3.4% [male 2.8% (41) and female 4.2% (54)] and that of mild anaemia was 49.7 [male 43% (640) and female 57.4% (746)]. The factors that were found to be significantly associated with adolescent anaemia were female gender (62% vs. 46.1%), being overweight (59.7% vs. 53.2), not taking WIFS regularly (56.5% vs. 51.8% and 28.6% among irregularly taking WIFS and regular takers) and children coming from families with monthly income less than INR 1000. Conclusions: On comparing the academic performance of anaemic and non-anaemic children it was found that the aggregate marks was significantly lower in the anaemic group (178.11 marks) compared to the non-anaemic group (217.63 marks) (p=0.001).
BACKGROUND The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing quickly all over the world. In spite of effective treatment guidelines for type 2 diabetes, in majority of the people, the disease is poorly controlled with existing therapies. Glycaemic control is considered as the most important step for prevention of organ damage and other complications of diabetes. A study on the prevalence and determinants of poor glycaemic control can assist in understanding the expanse of this problems and the ways to address it. We wanted to study the prevalence and determinants of poor glycaemic control among adult patients with type II diabetes mellitus attending a primary health care setting. METHODS The cross-sectional study was conducted in the outpatient department of NCD clinic in a Primary health centre of Kerala for a period of six months. Two hundred and fifty individuals diagnosed with Type II DM for a year were recruited as study participants. The study participants were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Adherence to medication was assessed using The Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. Anthropometric measurements and blood pressures were recorded. HbA1c and RBS was measured using semi quantitative technique. Any patient with an HbA1c of more than 7 was defined as having poor glycaemic control. RESULTS 64.4 % of the participants had poor glycaemic control. Poor adherence to medication, fewer visits to doctor, lack of diet modification, frequent junk food consumption, higher body mass index and lack of exercise were found to be significantly associated with poor glycaemic control. CONCLUSIONS A focused approach targeting these modifiable risk factors, especially in primary care setting, has the potential to bring about better glycaemic control which can prevent and minimize the occurrence of diabetes complications. KEYWORDS Poor Glycaemic Control, Uncontrolled Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus, HbA1c, Diabetes Complications
Background: Maternal care services are intended to take care about the pregnant during the antenatal, intra natal and post natal periods so as to reduce maternity related health problems. The current study tries to assess maternity care services among pregnant women in a coastal area in central Kerala, India.Methods: The setting was Mararikkulam south panchayat and the study was cross sectional in nature. The minimum sample size of the study was calculated to be 213. A house to house survey was conducted in all the 23 wards to find out those who had a live or still birth in the last one year (2014-2015) who were our study subjects. The maternity care services were assessed using multiple indicators. In statistical analysis, data was entered in Microsoft excel and was analysed using SPSS 16.0 versionResults: As per the current study the number of pregnancies registered early i.e. within 12 weeks was 72.2%. Only 68% had all the antenatal check-ups while 26.1% had less than 4 antenatal check-ups and 5.9% had no regular antenatal check-ups. 67.7% of the mothers had taken iron and folic acid for the prescribed period of pregnancy. Ultrasound examination was done at least once during the pregnancy in 63.3% of cases and not done in 36.7%. For tetanus prophylaxis 84.5% had appropriate course of TT vaccination. 73.5% of the mothers were well aware of the danger signs of pregnancy and 21.2% were partially aware and 5.3% were unaware of the danger signs.
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common metabolic diseases characterized by increased blood glucose levels either due to insufficiency/absence of insulin or due to decrease in the insulin sensitivity. The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in people with type 2 diabetes is three times higher than in non-diabetic population and majority of people developing end-stage renal diseases (ESRD) have Type 2 DM. The objectives of the study were to find out the prevalence of CKD, mean GFR and associated factors of CKD, in diabetics coming to a primary health care setting in Central Kerala.Methods: A cross-sectional study among all patients attending the NCD clinic of Health Centre, Ettumanoor with confirmed diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus was done between February 2017 and April 2017.Results: The prevalence of CKD among the study population was 45.3%. The proportion of CKD was 34.9% among those with nil urinary protein, 57.1% among those with 1+ urinary protein, 88.9% for those with 2+ and 87.5% among those with 3+ urinary protein. Among those with CKD mean duration of diabetes was 121.92 months against 92.72 months among those without CKD. There was statistically significant difference between RBS values of those with CKD and without CKD (238.49 mg% versus 199.41 mg%). The proportion of CKD was found increase with duration of diabetes 5 years (31.2%), 5-10 years (47.8%), 10-15 years (52.6%) and >15 years (55%).Conclusions: The study showed high prevalence of CKD among diabetics. The duration of diabetes, urinary protein levels and RBS value were found to have strong association with CKD in diabetics.
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