Efficient use of water and fertilizer is extremely critical to sustain the agricultural production, in the context of declining per capita land and water availability, pollution and increasing cost of fertilizers. A field experiment was conducted at Vegetable Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India during the rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18 to study the effect of fertigation with levels and scheduling on growth, yield and economics of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var italica). The experiment was laid out in two factorial RBD with one additional treatment consisting of five fertigation levels and three fertigation scheduling along with one control (soil application of RDF with flooding) replicated thrice. The outcome of study revealed that fertigation of broccoli with water soluble fertilizer gave significantly higher plant growth, net return and benefit cost ratio as compared to the soil application of RDF with flooding (control). Fertigation treatments registered a significantly higher yield of 13.74 t/ha and it was higher by 15.96% over the conventional method of fertilization (11.85 t/ha).
This work illustrates the development of a new hybrid MPPT algorithm and the construction of an efficient charge controller based on this algorithm. The existing perturb & observe (P&O) methodology and incremental conductance (IC) method are unable to trace the global maximum power point (GMPP) once there's a frequent modification in solar irradiance. These algorithms stick to local maxima in such scenario so the controller efficiency drops. Here a new hybrid MPPT algorithm was designed to track the GMPP efficiently, which involves the concept of Savitzky Golay digital filter technique. This filter is employed to swish a collection of digital information points that additional will increase the S/N of the signal while not greatly distorting it. The substitute sub-sets of niggardly observations fact are passable about a low-degree polynomial by the come nigh of neat least squares by means of convolution. This algorithm first smoothens the output of photovoltaic using the described technique and removes the local maxima and then further applies the P&O method to find out the GMPP. The circuit was simulated using Proteus and later on, an experimental setup was built using Arduino UNO (ATMEGA328P) to run the algorithm in real-time environment. The controller successfully tracked the GMPP voltages for variable irradiance both in simulation and real-time environment.
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