Abstract. Land surface temperature (LST) is one of the key parameters in the physics of land surface processes from local to global scales, and it is one of the indicators of environmental quality. Evaluation of the surface temperature distribution and its relation to existing land use types are very important to the investigation of the urban microclimate. In arid and semi-arid regions, understanding the role of land use changes in the formation of urban heat islands is necessary for urban planning to control or reduce surface temperature. The internal factors and environmental conditions of Yazd city have important roles in the formation of special thermal conditions in Iran. In this paper, we used the temperature-emissivity separation (TES) algorithm for LST retrieving from the TIRS (Thermal Infrared Sensor) data of the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM). The root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R 2 ) were used for validation of retrieved LST values. The RMSE of 0.9 and 0.87 • C and R 2 of 0.98 and 0.99 were obtained for the 1998 and 2009 images, respectively. Land use types for the city of Yazd were identified and relationships between land use types, land surface temperature and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were analyzed. The Kappa coefficient and overall accuracy were calculated for accuracy assessment of land use classification. The Kappa coefficient values are 0.96 and 0.95 and the overall accuracy values are 0.97 and 0.95 for the 1998 and 2009 classified images, respectively. The results showed an increase of 1.45 • C in the average surface temperature. The results of this study showed that optical and thermal remote sensing methodologies can be used to research urban environmental parameters. Finally, it was found that special thermal conditions in Yazd were formed by land use changes. Increasing the area of asphalt roads, residential, commercial and industrial land use types and decreasing the area of the parks, green spaces and fallow lands in Yazd caused a rise in surface temperature during the 11-year period.
Abstract. Land surface temperature (LST) is one of the key parameters in the physics of land surface processes from local to global scales, and it is one of the indicators of environmental quality. Evaluation of the surface temperature distribution and its relation with existing land use types are very important to investigate the urban microclimate. Land use planning in the cities must be in accordance with sustainable development goals to make the urban environment without soil, water and air pollution. In the arid and semi-arid regions, understanding the role of land use changes in the formation of urban heat islands is necessary to provide urban planning to control or reduce surface temperature. Internal factors and environmental conditions of the Yazd city have important role in the formation of special thermal conditions in the Iran. In this paper, we used the Temperature Emissivity Separation (TES) algorithm for LST retrieving from TIRS data of the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM). The Root Mean-Square Error (RMSE) and Coefficient of Determination (R2) were used for validation of retrieved LST values. Land use types of the Yazd city were identified and relations between land use types, land surface temperature and NDVI index were analyzed. The Kappa coefficient and overall accuracy were calculated for accuracy assessment of the land use classification. The results of this study showed that optical and thermal remote sensing methodologies can be used to research urban environmental parameters. Finally, it was found that special thermal conditions in Yazd city were formed by land use changes. Increasing the area of asphalt roads, residential, commercial and industrial types and decreasing the area of the parks, green spaces and fallow lands types of land uses in the Yazd city caused a rise in surface temperature during the 11-year period.
Abstract. The authors offer methods for mapping nature, in particular, vegetation and relief maps using remote sensing data. These thematic maps are most often used by administrators of different levels for environmental and territorial management. In the Russian Federation administrative territories occupied large areas. The algorithm for constructing visual models using remote sensing data for large administrative areas differs from the algorithms for working with small territories. Automated mapping method includes the analysis of the territory by indicators of topography and dominant vegetation, the selection of satellite images, processing, composing mosaics, composites, classification of plant objects, post-processing. The authors offer to use a specific data source, because the quality of the materials is sufficient for working with large areas. Classifications – the most complicated section. At the moment, scientists have not proposed an unambiguous solution to the choice of algorithm. However, the authors of this study experimentally came to the most convenient algorithm, which we characterize as the main one precisely for the purposes of managing natural resources of large administrative structures (regions with legally fixed boundaries). Examples of the thematic maps fragments and results of intermediate versions of visual models built by automated methods are given. The potential use of methods by municipal employees, rather than narrow specialists, was taken into account. In this regard, the value of the study is an exclusively applied nature and can be used in the administrative structures of the executive authorities.
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