Survey Background This report is part of a series titled "Discrimination in America." The series is based on a survey conducted for National Public Radio, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. The survey was conducted January 26-April 9, 2017, among a nationally representative, probability-based telephone (cell and landline) sample of 3,453 adults age 18 or older. The survey included nationally representative samples of African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, Native Americans, whites, men, women, and LGBTQ adults. This report presents the results specifically for a nationally representative probability sample of 802 African-American U.S. adults. Future reports will analyze each other group, and the final report will discuss major highlights from the series. Discrimination is a prominent and critically important matter in American life and throughout American history. While many surveys have explored Americans' beliefs about discrimination, this survey asks people about their own personal experiences with discrimination. Summary: Personal Experiences of Discrimination Overall, African Americans report extensive experiences of discrimination, across a range of situations. In the context of institutional forms of discrimination, half or more of African Americans say they have personally been discriminated against because they are Black when interacting with police (50%), when applying to jobs (56%), and when it comes to being paid equally or considered for promotion (57%). Additionally, 60% of African Americans say they or a family member have been unfairly stopped or treated by the police because they are Black, and 45% say the court system has treated them unfairly because they are Black. Blacks living in suburban areas are more likely than those in urban areas to report being unfairly stopped or treated by police and being threatened or harassed because they are Black. 1 See for example, Fred Pincus (1996), "Discrimination Comes in Many Forms," American Behavioral Scientist 40(2):186-194, for distinctions between structural, institutional, and individual forms of discrimination. Notes on Report Language In this report, the terms "Black" and "African American" are used interchangeably. This report distinguishes between institutional and individual forms of discrimination, though discrimination comes in many forms. 1 In this report, the term "institutional discrimination" refers to forms of discrimination based on laws, policies, institutions, and the related behavior of individuals who work in or control those laws, policies, or institutions. The term "individual discrimination" refers to forms of discrimination based in individual people's prejudicial beliefs, words, and behavior. These are not necessarily mutually exclusive, but the distinction is used for organizing purposes. In this survey, people were asked whether they had ever personally experienced discrimination related to racism, sexism, andfor LGBTQ peoplehomophobia and transphobia. Questions about these...

Background: Interscalene nerve block (INB) has become a popular technique for shoulder anesthesia. However, INB is associated with complication rates as high as 20%. Local liposomal bupivacaine (LLB) is an alternative to INB that potentially offers extended pain control with fewer adverse effects. Methods: We conducted a dual-center randomized controlled trial of 108 participants who were treated with LLB (n ¼ 54) or INB (n ¼ 54) to control pain after shoulder arthroplasty. We assessed visual analog scale pain scores at 6-hour intervals from 6 to 96 hours postoperatively and at the first postoperative visit. We assessed opioid medication consumption intraoperatively and on days 1, 2, 3, and 4 postoperatively, as well as the duration of hospital and postanesthesia care unit (PACU) stays. Results: At 6 hours postoperatively, the mean visual analog scale pain score was lower in the INB group (2.9 AE 3.1) than in the LLB group (5.1 AE 2.9, P < .01). The INB group consumed less opioid medication during the first 24 hours postoperatively (18 AE 12 morphine milligram equivalents) than did the LLB group (36 AE 48 morphine milligram equivalents, P ¼ .01). The PACU stay was shorter in the INB group (102 AE 53 minutes) compared with the LLB group (139 AE 77 minutes, P < .01). Conclusions: Compared with LLB, INB provides better pain control immediately after shoulder arthroplasty as evidenced by shorter PACU stays, lower pain scores at 6 hours postoperatively, and less opioid medication consumption during the first 24 hours postoperatively. However, no differences in outcomes were observed between groups beyond 24 hours.

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