Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the magnitude and causes of three delays and their possible implications for safe motherhood. Methods:The cross-sectional prospective study was carried out over a period of 1 year from January to December 2010. All patients who fulfill the WHO criteria for maternal near miss and all cases of maternal death during this period were included in the study. The various factors responsible for the delays in accessing obstetrics care facilities at all the three levels were analyzed. Results:During 1 year period there were 10,553 emergency admissions in labor room and there were 4538 deliveries, out of these 123 patients who fulfilled the WHO criteria for near miss were included in the study. 83% of patients (102) reported first delay in seeking care and the most common reason for delay was inability to judge the graveness of situation. After initial care there was a delay in reaching a facility with comprehensive obstetric care in 62% of cases (76 patients) and this delay was of around 6 to 8 hours. Once the patients reached Jinnah Hospital there was a delay in about 15 (12%) patients. There were 13 maternal deaths during this period of 1 year and there was a delay both at seeking initial care and referral by the initial care providers. Conclusion:Delay in deciding to seek care (1st delay) was the major factors responsible for high maternal mortality and morbidity. So the role of community actors such as mothers in law, husbands, local healers and pharmacies and increased access to properly trained birth attendants need to be addressed if delays in reaching health facilities are to be shortened.
Objective: To find out the frequency and to assess the degree of severity of premenstrual syndrome among undergraduate medical students Methods:Methods: It is a Cross-Sectional Study conducted in 161 female Students of Allama Iqbal Medical College of 1st year to final year who voluntarily consented for participation. PMS and its severity was diagnosed on the basis of a modified DRSP scale: mild if the score is 50-85, moderate if the score is 86- 120 and severe if the score is >120. Females having irregular periods or any organic pathology and those using hormonal contraception or any medication were excluded.Data was analyzed by SPSS version 23. Frequency, percentage charting was expressed for variables like presence of PMS and severity of PMS. Quantitative variables like age and BMI were expressed by Mean±S.D. Data was stratified for age, BMI, year of study, living status and marital status to deal with effect modifiers. Test of significance was applied i.e chi- square. A p-value ≤0.05 was considered significant. Results: Subjects ranged between 18-25 years with mean age of 19.9±2.1 years. Majority of the students were between 18-20 years. Mean BMI was 19.9±1.9 kg/m2. Mean year of study was 2.4±1.3 year. Out of 161 subjects, 53 (32.9%) were living with parents while remaining 108 (67.1%) were far from parents. Married students were 10 (6.2%). Premenstrual syndrome was found to be in 31 females (19.2%), mild 4.3%, moderate 8.1% and severe 6.8%,and severity was more in 4-5 years students, p-value was found significant with variable years of study (p-value= 0.095). Conclusion: PMS was found in 19.2% of undergraduate medical students. Early recognition and timely management can improve the quality of performance among undergraduates. Key Words: DRSP scale, Premenstrual syndrome, Undergraduates How to Cite: Yunus S, Bano B, Farooq A, Zarreen A. Frequency and severity of Premenstrual Syndrome among undergraduate medical students. Esculapio.2020;16(04):29-32.
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