Through architectural and engineering skills, humanity leaves its mark upon the earth. Urbanization started from Mesopotamia in west Asia where the Mesopotamian societies flourished. They evolved into various landscapes from the metal-rich highlands and elevations of southeastern Turkey to the Syrian deserts, from the woodmen of the Levant to the bogs of southern Iraq. Mesopotamian civilization, along with its architecture, survived more than three thousand years. The architecture of the Mesopotamian civilization is not only portentous in its outlook and proficient in planning, but it’s also considered rational and technical with respect to its environment.The civilization was very first of its kind, having technology and urban settlements that laid the foundation of future modern settlements. It considered the region's environment and climate as pivotal in the development of its culture and architecture.This study discusses how the people, consciously or unconsciously, shaped the land or landscape around them in relation to their environment. This study is both basic and applied, according to architectural research methods. By content, the research in this article is according to the process of design and construction and the data in this research will be analyzed morphologically and technically. The Mesopotamian people used mud bricks, aqueducts, wooden beams, Archimedes screw, courtyard and tripartite houses. The study in this article proves that all these constructions and the techniques used were according to their environmental and climatic conditions.
Most analysis in decentralization in emerging nations reveals that the disappointment of delegation of power is because of deficiency of the local government system, inefficient execution or catch of local authorities by the vested party, or a blend of these variables. The drawback was the insufficient conveyance of administration at the local level and the inability to reinforce the grassroots democratic system. This paper examines the local government system in Pakistan. The study analyzes its evolution in a historical context to better understand the potential cause behind the decentralization. Analyzing the evolution of the local government system is very interesting because a major step was taken to make this experiment. This research is descriptive and analytical and provides a brief overview of decentralization reforms starting with the pre-independence period up to the revival of local government from 1985 to 1999. The aim here is to take a look at the local government system in terms of their involvement and contribution to the country.
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