The crude enzyme extract from chicken intestine and pancreas had high proteolytic activity and could be used successfully to separate HA from broiler combs. The method provides an appropriate means to add value to poultry-processing waste.
A simple, rapid and effective way was devised to determine an enzyme incorporated into electropolymerized conductive polymer films, by combining a thin-layer electropolymerization cell and the Bradford Coomassie colorimetric protein assay. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) entrapped into pyrrole and 3-alkylsulfonate pyrrole copolymer films.
Hydrogen peroxide sensors where horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is incorporated into pyrrole/3-alkylsulfonate pyrrole copolymer films deposited on an SnO2 electrode (HRP/Py-PS electrode) were investigated with regard to the effects of the fabrication parameters (electropolymerization charge, deposition current density, and electrodeposition solution pH) on the amount of surface-immobilized enzyme and the sensor response. The amount of incorporated enzyme was determined with a method recently developed by ourselves. The results suggest that the amount of entrapped enzyme increases almost linearly with the total charge passed, and strongly depends on the polymer film growth rate and the electropolymerization pH. These findings open up a way to control the amount of enzyme and the resultant response of the biosensor by modifying the preparation conditions.
In this study, the ripe pericarp extracts of Wodyetia bifurcata were prepared by solvent extraction techniques with and without agitation. The influence of agitation was examined on the extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity of the ripe pericarp extracts of Wodyetia bifurcata. Antioxidant capacity of extracts was evaluated by measuring the scavenging effect on 2, 2’-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 2, 2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. Compared to solvent extraction without agitation, solvent extraction with agitation significantly (p < 0.05) increased the extraction yield, TPC, TFC and antioxidant capacities (ABTS and DPPH) of the ripe pericarp extracts of Wodyetia bifurcata. In addition, higher agitation speed resulted in higher extraction yield, TPC, TFC and antioxidant activities (ABTS and DPPH) of the ripe pericarp extracts of Wodyetia bifurcata.
In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was compared with conventional extraction methods, including conventional solvent extraction without agitation (CSE), conventional solvent extraction with agitation at 50 rpm (CSE50) and 150 rpm (CSE150), for the extraction of phenolic compounds from coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) husk. The extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were examined. The antioxidant capacity of C. nucifera extracts was determined by using 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays. Experimental results showed that UAE gave the highest extraction yield, TPC, TFC and antioxidant capacities (ABTS and DPPH), followed by CSE150, CSE50 and CSE, respectively. UAE was found to be more effective than conventional extraction methods. Conventional solvent extraction with higher agitation speed exhibited higher extraction efficiency than those with lower agitation speed and without agitation.
Amperometric biosensors were fabricated by immobilizing alcohol oxidases (AOX) from two different sources onto glutaraldehyde (GA)-activated supports. Alcohol oxidases from Hansenula sp. and from Pichia pastoris were employed for immobilization. The biosensor with AOX from Hansenula sp. showed a linear response to ethanol in the concentration range of 0.1-0.6 mM with a sensitivity of 88.534 µA mM-1 cm-2 and a detection limit of 0.1 mM (S/N=3). In comparison, the biosensor with AOX from P. pastoris showed a linear response from 0.1-0.5 mM ethanol with a sensitivity of 76.886 µA mM-1 cm-2 and a detection limit of 0.1 mM. The study of stability of biosensors revealed that after 90 measurements, the biosensor with AOX from Hansenula sp. retained 97% of its original current response whereas the current response of the biosensor with AOX from P. pastoris decreased to 81% of its initial value. The biosensor with AOX from Hansenula sp. demonstrated slightly higher sensitivity and stability than the biosensor with AOX from P. pastoris.
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