Aims: The COVID-19 is most recently discovered of the corona viruses which caused respiratory infections consisting of two large scale pandemics MERS & SARS and found to be zoonotic in origin. The disease started from Wuhan local seafood market in China and infected 2,761 people. The 2019-nCoV virus isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of critically ill patients and has shown it 96% identical to bat coronavirus and bearing same cell entry receptor angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2). Corona means crown in Latin and it look like a crown under a microscope. Corona virus disease is an infectious disease where most infected people suffered from mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment however older people and those with underlying medical problems develop serious illness and can be prevented by washing the hands or using an alcohol based rub and not touching the face. Outbreak is small but unusual; the epidemic is outbreak over a larger geographic area while pandemic spreads to multiple countries. Methodology: The duration of review for spread of COVID-19 was between 31st December 2019 to 11th March 2020. The 31st December 2019 was the reporting of first case of Corona Virus (COVID-19) by the China while 11th March was declaration date of Pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO).A total of 70 papers consisting of research article, review papers and news reports has been studied and evaluated. Results: China on 31 December 2019 first informed about COVID-19 and WHO declared on 11 March 2020 that COVID-19 can be characterized as a pandemic. Scientists suspected that corona virus originated in a bat and before passing to human hopped to another animal. Thailand, Japan, USA, France, Australia, Germany, Italy and Spain reported their first case on 13, 16, 19, 24, 25, 27, 31 and 31 January 2020. In February the cases reported by Belgium, Egypt, Iran, Brazil, Pakistan, Netherland, England and Ireland on 4,14,19,25,26,27,28,29 while in March cases seen in Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Peru and Turkey on 2, 5, 6 and 10 respectively. WHO on 11 March 2020 assessed the outbreak as a pandemic with 114 affected countries. Conclusions: The spread of disease as a pandemic occurred due to movement of carriers outside China. Strict quarantine needed to prevent spread of disease. The code of ethics for social distancing should be defined and strictly implemented. Selling, buying and eating of wildlife animals should be internationally banned.
We conducted an assessment of maternal, newborn and child health and progress towards achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDG) 4 and 5 in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR). We provide recommendations for scaling up and sustaining gains post-2015. Data were obtained from global data repositories. We constructed time trends from 1990 to 2013 and evaluated inequities across the Region. Under-5, neonatal and maternal mortality rates decreased 46%, 35%, and 50% respectively from 1990 to 2013. Pneumonia and diarrhoea accounted for 50% of all post-neonatal deaths; pregnancy-and delivery-related complications were the leading causes of neonatal and maternal deaths. Coverage of maternal, newborn and child health interventions is suboptimal, and poverty, food insecurity and conflict are pervasive across the Region. The EMR has made progress but is unlikely to attain MDG 4 and 5 targets. To sustain and further accelerate gains, the Region must reduce inequities and scale up implementation of recommendations made by the independent Expert Review Group. 1Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada (Correspondence to Z.A. Bhutta: zulfiqar.bhutta@sickkids.ca
The study has been carried as a review of news about coronavirus disease (COVID-19) published in main stream newspaper (Daily Jang) prior to emergence in Pakistan. The front page of newspaper Daily Jang-Pakistan was selected for evaluation of study. The duration of study was from 31st December 2019 to 27th February 2020.The data has been qualitatively analyzed about text analysis, interpretative analysis, discourse analysis, rhetorical analysis, narrative analysis, and semiotic analysis whereas quantitatively analyzed for increasing number of patients, death and global bifurcation of affected cases. The first case of COVID-19 apparently reported on 31st December 2019 in China and got place at front page of newspaper on 24th January 2020 with 571 affected persons and 17 deaths.By 28th January 2020 USA, Canada, Australia, France, Japan, Thailand, Taiwan, Vietnam, Singapore, Malaysia and Nepal were affected from new viral disease and till 5th of February 2020 more than two dozen countries confirmed about existence of new disease. China has taken immediate health interventions. Subsequently strategies were made in the world including Pakistan. WHO made global strategies to control new viral disease. Although most countries shifted their citizen from China however Pakistan did not removed their citizen from affected country. In the light of Hadith, Muslim Scholars advised that citizens of Pakistan should not be shifted outside China till control of disease. The scientist started to investigate new disease. The herbal medicine also used in public. Campaign on media started about awareness of new disease. The business activity found to be reduced due to disease. Necessary preventive arrangements were made by the aviation department. Pakistan also banned on import of animal and birds. The burial ceremonies of deceased due to COVID-19 were also limited for participation. Many operations like Haj, Umrah and Olympic 2020 expected to be affected due to new viral disease. However a common marriage found to be reported in South Korea. Dr.Ventiang died on 8th February 2020 who initially suspected and diagnosed for existence and origin of new disease. On 26th February 2020 a news on front page indicating to inner page that “many countries affected by corona virus disease and afterward on 27th February 2020 there was a main headline news on the front page that “Corona reached Pakistan.”
Background: Occupational injuries/diseases are considered as leading problems for workers, especially in less developed countries. Based on International Standard Classification of Occupation (ISCO-08) four broad skill levels are defined. Employment has been established as a fundamental determinant of health and review of occupation/all cause mortality has been carried to observe the impact of occupation skill on cause of death.Methods: A retrograde study conducted on mortality data of State Life Insurance Corporation of Pakistan. Randomly 500 death cases were collected during study period between 2006 to 2018.The death claim instrument were proposal forms and death claim register. The data about occupation and cause of death was inserted on spread sheet of excel and finally analyzed through SPSS for occupation skill and cause of death.Results: Almost equal proportion of data found in skill-1 (14%) and skill-4 (12.6%) while maximum contribution found in skill level-2 (49.40%) followed by skill-3 (24%).The maximum percentages of mortality seen cause wise as CVS (49.39% skill-2), cancer (17.46% skill-4), road side accident (14.28% skill-1), multiple causes (6.67% skill-3), liver disorder (5.71% skill-1), CNS (3.17% skill-4), kidney disorder (5.71% skill-1), GIT (6.35% skill-4), respiration (3.17% skill-4), un-natural (2.02% skill-2), idiopathic (2.85% skill-1), endocrine (1.58% skill-4), body temperature (1.42% skill-1), poisoning (0.83% skill 3), electric shock (2.85% skill-1), sepsis (1.58% skill-4), obstetric (0.83% skill-3) and burn (1.42% skill-1) while lowest found as CVS(46.67% skill-3), cancer (7.14% skill-1), road accident (7.93% skill-4), multiple causes (2.85% skill-1), liver (1.58% skill-4), GIT (2.02% skill-2), respiration (1.61% skill-2) and idiopathic (0.40% skill-2). Many causes in skill-1 and skill-4 found no mortality.Conclusions: Mortality due to cardiovascular diseases found highest in all skills while lower frequency of death seen in other systematic disorders. Mostly highest and lowest mortality percentages found either in skill-1 or skill-4 whereas comparatively higher percentages have steadily been maintained in skill-2 and skill-3.
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