Angelica anomala Avé-Lall (Chuanbaizhi in Chinese) is an important medicinal plant which can be used in traditional Chinese medicines; however, there are no authentic and universal methods to differentiate this Sichuan famous-region drug of A. anomala from a large number of non-famous-region and false drugs. It has been demonstrated that DNA barcoding is a molecular diagnostic method for species identification, which uses a single standardized DNA fragment. In this study, we tested five DNA barcoding candidates (matK, ITS, ITS2, rbcL, and psbA-trnH), and we found that ITS was the best candidate to authenticate the famous-region drug of A. anomala. Moreover, through comparative analysis of these five DNA barcodes between A. anomala and Angelica dahurica, we found that ITS had the most and ITS2 had more variable regions, but the psbA-trnH, rbcL, and matK regions were identical. Hence, we suggest ITS as the DNA barcoding to identify A. anomala and A. dahurica. Moreover, we are determined to adopt the A. anomala as the accurate Latin name of Chuanbaizhi.
Wheat is a leading cereal, playing a crucial role in feeding the hungry world and improving global food security. The present study was undertaken to comparatively analyze the extent of genetic diversity for various quantitative traits among the wheat material exotic to Pakistan, received from CIMMYT (The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center), Mexico. Nineteen advanced lines from the Semi-Arid Wheat Yield Trial (SAWYT) were studied along with a local cultivar, considered a control (NIA-Amber). Data were recorded on nine important agro-morphic traits. The compared genotypes differed significantly (<em>p</em> ≤ 0.05) in the studied traits, where line V6 produced the highest mean grain yield (6,049 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>) and maximum 1,000-grain weight (45.0 g). Other lines, V19, V17, and V2, also showed superiority in yield (5,723, 5,150, and 5,067 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>, respectively). Days to heading established a significant positive association with days to maturity (<em>r</em> = 0.7995), plant height (<em>r</em> = 0.3168), spike length (<em>r</em> = 0.2696), and spikelets per spike (<em>r</em> = 0.4391). The important yield associated trait, 1,000-grain weight, had a highly significant positive correlation (<em>r</em> = 0.6833) with grain yield. Cluster analysis for various quantitative traits showed important information about genetic diversity for the studied traits among wheat genotypes. Hence, selection of genotypes for higher grain yield based on these traits could be useful for future breeding.
Chilli (Capsicum annum/Capsicum frutescens L.) is widely cultivated and cash crops around the world, used both as spice and as medicinal plant. Chilli also called red pepper belongs to the genus capsicum, under the solanaceae family, similar botanically to potatoes, tomatoes and egg plants. The genus capsicum is diploid with x=12 basic chromosomes and 2n+2 x=24 (Pickersgill, 1977), whereas wild type species carry 2n=26. The word Capsicum derived from greek word kapto meaning "to bite" or "to swallow". Chillies are native to Mexico, assumed to have originated from South America, from their introduced to central America [1][2][3]. Chillies were introduced to sub-continent (Indo-Pak) by Portuguese traders from Brazil. Chillies are referred to as chillies, bell peppers, Chile, paprika, hot peppers, red peppers, pod peppers, pimento, cayenne peppers, and capsicum in various regions of the world. However, in general the chillies are the smaller-sized and more pungent types, whereas, the quite larger, mildly to moderately pungent types are capsicums. Its categorization is difficult due to vast number of varieties available and the continuous creation of new varieties through the use of hybridization. Chillies have been used widely for its unique pungent taste and dazzling colours. Many varieties of chillies are present, among these commonly used are Capsicum annum (sweet or bell pepper) and capsicum frutescens (hot pepper). The optimum day temperatures for chilli pepper growth range from 20 to 30 °C [4]. Chilli is often crosspollinated crop with an extent of over 63%. Chillies are valued principally for their high pungency and bright red colour. The pungency in chilli pepper is due to the substance called Capsaicin (C 18 H 27 NO 3 ) (N-vanillyl-8-methyl-6-(E)-noneamide) and several other chemicals, collectively known as capsaicinoids, the higher the capsaicin the hotter the chilli. This substance produces the heat sensation; stimulate the human body to trigger heat receptors viz., Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). This fiery reaction can be overcome by taking the Milk that contains a protein named casein, which grasps the oily capsaicin to carry them away. Moruga Scorpion is considered the hottest chilli in the world with more than 1.2-2 million SHUs, reported by Mexican university in 2012. The Capsaicin is basically produced in the seed-bearing membranes of the fruit. Wilbur Scoville in 1912 introduced a scale known as Scoville heat scale used to measure the hotness of the chillis, composed of heat units ranging from 0-16 million, depending on the capsaicin content of the chillis. Chilli has various chemical contents viz., vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, proteins and fibre, making beneficial for humans indifferent ways. Red colour in chillies is due to the presence of pigment capsanthin (primary carotenoid). Other bioactive compounds found in chilli are Lutein known to improve eye health is abundantly found in green chillies. Whereas yellow chillies contain a
Rust diseases cause significant losses to wheat production worldwide. Five newly evolved wheat genotypes along with three commercial wheat varieties were evaluated for resistance to rust diseases. Genotypes were screened at different locations in Pakistan through CDRI (Crop Diseases Research Institute) programme. The advanced genotypes and commercial varieties had different responses against rust (leaf, yellow and stem rust) infections. Two of the cross bred lines (NIA-10/8, ESW-9525) and a mutant MSH-5 showed resistance against leaf rust with desirable ACI (Average Coefficient of Infection) value (<9). The all five contesting advanced lines showed low intensity of stem rust disease with ACIs values 0.0, 0.2, 0.67, 0.13 and 5.0, respectively. However, genotypes NIA-10/8 and ESW-9525 were found resistant against all three rusts at different locations, also produced higher grain yield 4167kg ha -1 ) and (3778kg ha -1 ) respectively. Hence, could be used in future breeding programmes for disease resistance with higher yield.Keywords: bread wheat, leaf, stem, stripe rust, resistance
Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) are recognised as micronutrients of clinical significance to public health globally. Major staple crops (wheat, rice and maize) contain insufficient levels of these micronutrients. Baseline concentrations in wheat and maize grains are 30 µg/g for Fe and 25 µg/g for Zn, and in rice grains, 2 µg/g for Fe and 16 µg/g for Zn. However, wheat grains should contain 59 μg Fe/g and 38 μg Zn/g if they are to meet 30–40% of the average requirement of an adult diet. Scientists are addressing malnutrition problems by trying to enhance Fe and Zn accumulation in grains through conventional and next-generation techniques. This article explores the applicability and efficiency of novel genome editing tools compared with conventional breeding for Fe and Zn biofortification and for improving the bioavailability of cereal grains. Some wheat varieties with large increases in Zn concentration have been developed through conventional breeding (e.g. BHU1, BHU-6 and Zincol-2016, with 35–42 µg Zn/g); however, there has been little such success with Fe concentration. Similarly, no rice variety has been developed through conventional breeding with the required grain Fe concentration of 14.5 µg/g. Transgenic approaches have played a significant role for Fe and Zn improvement in cereal crops but have the limitations of low acceptance and strict regulatory processes. Precise editing by CRISPR-Cas9 will help to enhance the Fe and Zn content in cereals without any linkage drag and biosafety issues. We conclude that there is an urgent need to biofortify cereal crops with Fe and Zn by using efficient next-generation approaches such as CRISPR/Cas9 so that the malnutrition problem, especially in developing countries, can be addressed.
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