Bleaching efficiency is evaluated by the degree of whiteness, absorbency, copper number, tendering factor, strength or strength loss, dye uptake, alkali solubility, degree of polymerization and chemical transformation. Recent lab-scale studies have proven ozone to bleach with efficiency comparable to the conventional bleaching agents and hydrogen peroxide at faster rates without requiring heating or any other supportive treatment with less energy and water. Ozone alone, however, showed poor efficiency in pilot-scale determinations, suggesting the use of certain additives to support it in performing its bleaching action. This research was conducted to compare the influence of methanol, isopropanol, oxalic acid and sodium borohydride on improvement in the bleaching performance of ozone in terms of whiteness, absorbency and burst strength. The additives brought an overall improvement in whiteness, absorbency and burst strength of cotton but had significant difference in their performance, as assessed from the pvalues yielded by one-way ANOVA applied on SPSS 20. Methanol outclassed other three in its performance bringing the highest increase in whiteness and burst strength and the highest reduction in fabric absorbency.
Leachate is the water contained in the solid waste dumped in a landfill and comes out during its decomposition but continues to ooze out even after stabilization of the solid waste and many years after the closure of the landfill. It contains a number of toxic and hazardous compounds, and is likely to contaminate the environmental sinks. Moreover, this leachate varies in its flows and characteristics over different phases of a landfill life. Leachate management is one of the major concerns and tough task associated with the landfill operation, and comprises monitoring and predicting landfill leachate and the variation in its flows and composition, associated risk assessment and hazard rating, and designing the most accurate treatment system before disposing it into environmental sinks. This study has analyzed the characteristics of a newly designed landfill site on modern lines at Lakhodair, Lahore, finding it to be slightly alkaline and high in organic matter (BOD 5 , COD), Na, K and a few heavy metals (Ni and Cr) of the sixteen pollution indicators (EC, turbidity, hardness, TDS, TSS, BOD 5 , COD, Na, K, Cl, Ni, Cr, Pb, Mn, Cu, Zn), which indicates it can easily be treated with simple physic-chemical methods; such as coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and biological treatment, and brought into some reuse such as irrigation.
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